“…It also has helped to explain how living organisms can function as integrated mechanical systems, even though they are complex hierarchical structures (molecules within cells within tissues within organs). Indeed, the tensegrity principle has been invoked by investigators to explain an unusually wide range of unexplained phenomena in many different systems and species, including: lipid micelle formation (Butcher and Lamb, 1984), protein folding in milk globules (Farrell et al, 2002), protein organization within viral capsids (Caspar, 1980), the structure of actin microfilaments (Schutt et al, 1997), pattern formation in paramecium (Kaczanowska et al, 1995), hyphal morphology in fungi (Kaminsky and Heath, 1996), neurite outgrowth (Joshi et al, 1985;Buxbaum and Heidemann, 1988), endothelial permeability barrier function (Moy et al, 1998), vascular tone (Northover and Northover, 1993), dystrophin function in muscular dystrophy (Gillis, 1999), choriocarcinoma differentiation (Hohn et al, 1996), control of apoptosis (Ciesla, 2001), morphogenesis of mammalian cells and tissues (Ingber et al, 1981;Ingber and Jamieson, 1985;Pienta and Coffey, 1991a;Pienta et al, 1991;Huang and Ingber, 1999;Ingber et al, 1994), the structure of the skin (Ryan, 1989), lens (Yamada et al, 2000), cartilage (Malinin and Malinin, 1999), retina (Galli-Resta, 2002) and brain (Van Essen, 1997), the mechanics of the human skeleton (Levin, 1997), tumor formation and metastasis (Ingber et al, 1981;Ingber and Jamieson, 1985;Pienta and Coffey, 1991b;Huang and Ingber, 1999), as well as gravity sensing in both animals and plants Yoder e...…”