“…Most research on Japanese speakers’ pronunciation of English consonants has focused on the /l/-/r/ contrast (Aoyama, Flege, Guion, Akahane-Yamada & Yamada, 2004). For vowels, most researchers investigated the lack of qualitative distinction between /ɪ/ and /iː/, both generally produced as Japanese /i/ (Tsukada, 2009b; Ueyama, 2003), the consistent substitution of schwa with other vowels, and vowel epenthesis (for effects of orthography on these, see e.g., Detey & Nespoulous, 2008; Dupoux, Kakehi, Hirose, Pallier & Mehler, 1999). These effects of L1 phonology may in fact be reinforced by Japanese orthographic input, as kana does not distinguish /l/-/r/ (e.g., both loanwords <glass> and <grass> are クラ ス in katakana; Okada, 2015).…”