Can patriotism be a protective factor for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder? The case of the Russia – Ukraine 2022 war

Hamama‐Raz, Yaira; Godwin, Robin; Leshem, Elazar; Ben–Ezra, Menachem

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.016

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Most of the studies ( n = 10) were cross-sectional studies ( Hamama-Raz et al, 2022 ; Kokun, 2022 ; Rizzi et al, 2022 ; Długosz, 2023 ; Karatzias et al, 2023 ; Kurapov et al, 2023 ; Miliutina et al, 2023 ; Xu et al, 2023 ; Chudzicka-Czupała et al, 2023a , b ), two of them were qualitative studies ( Khraban, 2022 ; Oviedo et al, 2022 ) and one had a descriptive survey research design ( Talabi et al, 2022 ). Four of the included studies ( Khraban, 2022 ; Xu et al, 2023 ; Chudzicka-Czupała et al, 2023a , b ) investigated the first stages of the war, most of them ( n = 7) were conducted between 1 and 5 months after Russian invasion ( Hamama-Raz et al, 2022 ; Kokun, 2022 ; Oviedo et al, 2022 ; Rizzi et al, 2022 ; Długosz, 2023 ; Kurapov et al, 2023 ; Miliutina et al, 2023 ), only one study ( Karatzias et al, 2023 ) was conducted 6 months after Russia’s invasion and in one study ( Talabi et al, 2022 ), the timeframe was not specified.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological and environmental factors influencing resilience among Ukrainian refugees and internally displaced persons: a systematic review of coping strategies and risk and protective factors

Rizzi,

Ciuffo,

Landoni

et al. 2023

Front. Psychol.

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BackgroundThere is much discussion in the literature about the link between traumatic events related to war and mental illness. However, in comparison, mental health has been more researched than protective factors such as coping methods, which are the primary factors to build resilience in these circumstances. This review examines the psychological and environmental elements that influence the resilience of Ukrainian refugees and IDPs by analyzing coping strategies and risk and protective factors.MethodsA literature search was conducted on PsycINFO, Pubmed, Scopus, and Science Direct, with 259 articles screened and 13 determined as eligible for inclusion. Inclusion criteria were: (1) studies on adult Ukrainian refugees and/or IDPs; (2) original, peer-reviewed studies; and (3) studies written in English or Italian language. Single-case reports and qualitative studies were excluded, as well as those studies written in any other language, and any studies for which the full-text version could not be obtained (i.e., conference abstracts). Two reviewers independently reviewed titles and abstracts, reviewed relevant articles’ full text, and extracted the data.ResultsA diverse range of individual and socio-environmental risk and protective factors were identified, influencing the resilience of Ukrainian refugees and IDPs, as well as five main categories of coping strategies: emotion-focused strategies, problem-focused strategies, avoidance, faith-based strategies, and the ones based on sense of belonging.DiscussionWar trauma and associated stressors can lead to distressing physical and psychological reactions, which persist even after leaving the war zone. Many individual and socio-environmental risk factors, such as mental disorders, financial security, having relatives wounded or displaced, and an unfamiliar environment could influence the risk and severity of psychological difficulties, emphasizing the importance of coping strategies, social connections, faith, and cultural resilience.ConclusionThis systematic review underscores the complex range of coping strategies and factors influencing the resilience of Ukrainian refugees and IDPs. Social connections and inclusive community interventions play vital roles in improving their psychological well-being, while longitudinal studies and culturally sensitive support are needed to address their unique challenges and strengths. Implementing collaborative care models can provide comprehensive support by integrating mental health services with primary healthcare and community-based organizations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological and environmental factors influencing resilience among Ukrainian refugees and internally displaced persons: a systematic review of coping strategies and risk and protective factors

Rizzi,

Ciuffo,

Landoni

et al. 2023

Front. Psychol.

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“…Interestingly, in our research, this pronounced value of group identities did not relate to the coping opportunities afforded by religion [45], which was mentioned as supportive by less than one-fifth of the inclusion providers. However, the patriotism mentioned by 54% of the respondents as a source of support should also be discussed in its possible association with an elevated risk for PTSD symptoms development [46]. Preferences of teachers' roles usage appeared to be related to how the workload and the educational process had changed due to the Russian invasion, together with any post-traumatic growth the inclusion providers had experienced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Providing Inclusive Primary School Education for Children with Special Educational Needs in Wartime Ukraine: Challenges and Current Solutions

Великодна

Deputatov

Horbachova

et al. 2023

J. Intellect. Disabl. Diagn. Treat.

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Since 2011 primary school students with special educational needs (SEN) in Ukraine have been allowed to study alongside mainstream students in the inclusive education program established by the Ministry of Education and Science. The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 challenged the possibility of maintaining inclusive education for children with SEN, which required providers to find new solutions. This paper focuses on the first response of inclusion providers in the Ukrainian primary school education system to the challenges of working in wartime from February to May 2022, using teachers in the city of Kryvyi Rih as a case study. A quasi-experimental study (n=495) involved a group of inclusion providers (n=92) in comparison to mainstream primary school teachers (n=403). The research included: collecting data on the professional qualifications and experience of the teachers; questions on changes in the educational process and the number of students; the Psychological Stress Measure; Oldenburg Burnout Inventory; Brief Resilience Scale; and Miroshnyk Teacher’s Roles Self-Assessment Scale (MiTeRoSA), designed as an online survey. The inclusion providers faced numerous challenges due to the war, namely, (a) the enormous workload of preparing for classes (φ*=8.7, p<.01), the extended non-educational work assignments (φ*=5.5, p<.01), working with students (φ*=2.9, p<.01) and their parents (φ*=3.5, p<.01), (b) volunteering at school, and (c) the changed composition of student groups, i.e., students who left school and fled the area (in 64.1% of responses) and incoming students displaced from combat zones (27.2%). Struggling with stress and burnout (self-reported by 48.91% of inclusion providers), using psychological self-care skills and social resilience capacity through the support of the student's parents and colleagues, primary school teachers invented and implemented seven ways to maintain education for the students with SEN, the kind of which depended on the teacher's professional role structure and available social support.

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“…The representativeness of our data is limited by the small sample size and the focus on women. We did not account for other factors that may influence post-traumatic stress levels, for example, patriotic attitudes, which have been studied during the current wartime (Hamama-Raz et al, 2022 ). PTSD accompanied by post-traumatic stress symptoms are just one of the possible negative effects of war.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

War and women: An analysis of Ukrainian refugee women staying in the Czech Republic

Preiss,

Fňašková,

Berezka

et al. 2024

Camb. prisms Glob. ment. health

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In addition to the loss of life, Russian aggression against Ukraine, which began in February 2022, also brings interpersonal losses resulting from the need to emigrate. Parallel to the fighting men, women bear most of the burden of caring for the family. Using in-depth interviews supplemented by questions about adverse childhood experiences and administration of The Centrality of Events Scale and the PTSD Checklist -PCL-5 with 43 Ukrainian women (18-60 years old), we analyzed adaptation to the situation of emigration and the association of their war and earlier experiences with the level of traumatization. Women were interviewed shortly after emigration to the Czech Republic (3-42 week afterward). High levels of adverse childhood experiences and post-traumatic stress symptoms were found. The war was perceived as a currently negative central event associated with traumatic stress symptoms, and 79% of the sample expressed the opinion that the war had changed them. The results of this study suggest an intertwining of previous life experiences with the current need and ability to adapt. Impact statementWar, though a devastating event, presents an opportunity to examine the complexities of human behavior and adaptation. Adaptation takes place in the context of the region, for example, in the way the war is fought, the host country's capabilities and willingness to accept refugees. The Czech Republic has accepted large numbers of Ukrainian refugees after the country had long rejected refugees. Nevertheless, the situation of refugees, and especially of women, is difficult. In addition to the current need to adapt to conditions in the Czech Republic, women are haunted by their own past and ideas about the future. Using a small sample of Ukrainian women, this study uses in-depth interviews to map their perceptions of their past, present and future situations. The adaptation of these and other Ukrainian women and their perception by Czech society is crucial for the future acceptance or rejection of refugees in the Czech Republic. Furthermore, our study contributes to the understanding of the interplay among multiple situational and psychological elements that may increase the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder and maladaptive behavior in the region and beyond.

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Can patriotism be a protective factor for symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder? The case of the Russia – Ukraine 2022 war

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Psychological and environmental factors influencing resilience among Ukrainian refugees and internally displaced persons: a systematic review of coping strategies and risk and protective factors

Psychological and environmental factors influencing resilience among Ukrainian refugees and internally displaced persons: a systematic review of coping strategies and risk and protective factors

Providing Inclusive Primary School Education for Children with Special Educational Needs in Wartime Ukraine: Challenges and Current Solutions

War and women: An analysis of Ukrainian refugee women staying in the Czech Republic

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