Can secondary lymphoid organs exert a favorable effect on the mild course of COVID-19 in children?

Önal, Merih; Önal, Özkan; Turan, Alparslan

doi:10.1080/00016489.2020.1814965

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Adenoid and tonsil tissues are located at the entry point of the respiratory and digestive systems. They are secondary lymphoid organs that perform cellular and humoral immune functions, which form the first line of defense against antigens entering the body from the respiratory and digestive systems from childhood to adolescence 29 . The role of ER stress in the etiopathogenesis of adenoid tissue disorders, an essential component of the mucosal immune system, was shown for the first time in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Possible role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of chronic adenoiditis and adenoid hypertrophy: A prospective, parallel‐group study

Onal,

Elsurer,

Duran

et al. 2024

Laryngoscope Investig Oto

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BackgroundAdenoid tissue is a first‐line host defense secondary lymphoid organ, especially in childhood. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is required to maintain balanced cellular activity. With impaired ER functions, protein accumulation occurs, resulting in ER stress, which plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of many diseases.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the relationship between ER stress and adenoid tissue disorders, thereby elucidating the mechanisms of immunity‐related diseases.MethodsFifty‐four pediatric patients (>3 years old) who underwent adenoidectomy for chronic adenoiditis (CA) or adenoid hypertrophy (AH) were enrolled in this prospective, parallel‐group clinical study. Adenoids were divided into two groups (CA or AH) based on their size and evaluated for ER stress pathway and apoptosis pathway markers by Real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis.ResultsER stress pathway markers significantly differed between the CA and AH groups. Children with CA had higher ER stress marker levels than the AH group (p < .001 for ATF‐4, ATF‐6, and GRP78, and p < .05 for EDEM1, CHOP, EIF2AK3, ERNI, and GRP94). Apoptosis pathway marker levels (BAX and BCL‐2) were not different between groups.ConclusionsER stress contributes to the etiopathogenesis of adenoid tissue diseases and the pathogenesis of adenoid tissue disorders, which are part of the immune response. These results may guide the development of new and alternative treatments for immune system disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Possible role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of chronic adenoiditis and adenoid hypertrophy: A prospective, parallel‐group study

Onal,

Elsurer,

Duran

et al. 2024

Laryngoscope Investig Oto

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“…Children with COVID-19 who have secondary lymphoid tissue such as tonsils may have a milder course of the disease 26 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of vitamin D in children with chronic tonsillitis (immunohistochemical study of CD68 polarisation and proinflammatory cytokines estimation)

Abu-elnasr Awwad,

Hasan,

Hablas

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Inflammatory processes are increasingly attributed to macrophage polarization. Proinflammatory macrophages promote T helper (Th) 1 response, tissue repair, and Th2 responses. Detection of macrophages in tissue sections is facilitated by CD68. Our study is focused on the expression of CD68 and the estimation of proinflammatory cytokines in children’s patients with chronic tonsillitis secondary to vitamin D supplementation. This hospital-based Randomized prospective case–control study was conducted on 80 children with chronic tonsillitis associated with vitamin D deficiency where (40 received vitamin D 50,000 IU weekly for 3–6 months and 40 received 5 ml distilled water as placebo). The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on all included children. Different histological and immunohistochemical studies for the detection of CD68 were done. There was a significantly lower serum level of 25(OH)D in the placebo group versus the vitamin D group (P < 0.001). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα, and IL-2 significantly increased in the placebo group as compared to the vitamin D group (P < 0.001). The increased level of IL-4 and IL-10 in the placebo group as compared to the vitamin D group was insignificant (P = 0.32, 0.82) respectively. Vitamin D supplementation alleviated the deleterious effect of chronic tonsillitis on the histological structure of the tonsil. Tonsillar tissues of the children in the control and vitamin D groups demonstrated a highly statistically significantly lower number of CD68 immunoexpressing cells compared with those in the placebo group (P < 0.001). Low vitamin D may play a role in chronic tonsillitis. Vitamin D supplementation could help reduce the occurrence of chronic tonsillitis in susceptible children.

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“…In addition to establishing an innate response to viral infection, the nose also has a sophisticated role in adaptive immunity. The nasopharyngeal lymphoid (adenoid) tissue is an organised mass of lymphoid tissue, which is responsible for the generation of mature T and B cells to orchestrate longer-term immune defense [ 18 ]. There are a range of specialised nasal microfold (M) cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages to capture and present relevant antigen to stimulate lymphocyte maturation.…”

Section: Viral Uptake and Local Upper Airway Mucosal Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Complexity of immune responses in COVID-19

Mather

Jardine

Talks

et al. 2021

Seminars in Immunology

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Can secondary lymphoid organs exert a favorable effect on the mild course of COVID-19 in children?

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Possible role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of chronic adenoiditis and adenoid hypertrophy: A prospective, parallel‐group study

Possible role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of chronic adenoiditis and adenoid hypertrophy: A prospective, parallel‐group study

Impact of vitamin D in children with chronic tonsillitis (immunohistochemical study of CD68 polarisation and proinflammatory cytokines estimation)

Complexity of immune responses in COVID-19

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