Can the apparent expansion of the universe be attributed to an increasing vacuum refractive index ?

Sarazin, X.; Couchot, F.; Djannati‐Ataï, A.; Urban, Marcel

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5932-8

“…With a few exceptions (e.g. [24,26,27,28]), it is widely agreed that gravitationally bound objects do not expand cosmologically. On the other hand, despite the redshift of the Virgo cluster, i.e.…”

Section: The Lower Limit Of Cosmological Expansion or Scale Driftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmological Expansion Rate<strong>–</strong>Various Measurement Results and Interpretation

Müller¹

2023

Preprint

0

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Different values of the Hubble constant for extragalactic objects are not considered here. We give a number of examples of the extreme accordance of expansion rates of different fields of knowledge with the cosmological expansion rate. The coincidence of the expansion rates means that a common cause is almost inevitable. All these examples are gravitationally bound in themselves and in this case are subject to cosmological expansion. According to standard theory, this should not happen. We therefore question the common boundary of gravity and expansion for both theoretical and observational reasons and conclude that all gravitationally dominated objects participate in cosmological expansion or scale drift, contrary to general doctrine. The space expands with its contents while numerically maintaining distance, radius, rotation time and density. What is generally interpreted as an expansion is obviously a scale drift with a drift rate that corresponds to the size of the Hubble constant. The Earth is subject to expansion and scale drift. This results in numerically constant measured values. This drift apparently also applies to distant galaxies and other objects. The cosmological red shift is not interpreted here as a Doppler effect and numerical increase in distances, but in accordance with standard theory as an expansion or drift of the space-time scale. The expansion of the radii of galaxies makes the assumption of dark matter superfluous. The continents and our everyday environment are not subject to expansion or scale drift.

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“…Assuming that the paired-photon strings or filaments form the fabric of space, their density gradients are gravitational fields [93][94][95][96][97]. Since the substance of space seeks thermodynamic balance in the least time, the bodies move coupled to the moving vacuum along the least-time paths, i.e., geodesics.…”

Section: The Gravitonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dark matter and dark energy denote the gravitation of the expanding universe

Annila

¹

,

Wikström

²

2022

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We reason that it is the gravitation of all ordinary matter, extending from the dense distant past to the sparse present, rather than dark matter, that shows up in galaxy rotation and velocity dispersion. Likewise, we argue that it is this gradient in the gravitational energy due to the expansion, rather than dark energy, that explains Type 1a supernovae brightness vs. redshift data. Our conclusions follow from statistical mechanics, the thermodynamic theory based on the atomistic axiom that everything comprises quanta. In line with the Einstein field equations, the vacuum quanta embodying gravitation, geometrized as spacetime, equate in dynamic balance to the quanta embodying the substance of the stress–energy tensor. In accordance with quantum field theory, the proposed ground-state field of paired light quanta complies with Bose–Einstein statistics and assumes an excited state around a particle.

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“…With a few exceptions (e.g. [24]), it is widely agreed that gravitationally bound objects do not expand cosmologically. On the other hand, despite the redshift of the Virgo cluster, the so-called Virgo infall exists [4].…”

Section: The Lower Limit Of Cosmological Expansion or Scale Driftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cosmological Expansion Rate<strong>–</strong>Various Measurement Results and Interpretation

Muller¹

2021

Preprint

0

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Different values of the Hubble constant for extragalactic objects are not considered here. We give a number of examples of the extreme accordance of expansion rates of different fields of knowledge with the cosmological expansion rate. The coincidence of the expansion rates means that a common cause is almost inevitable. All these examples are gravitationally bound in themselves and in this case are subject to cosmological expansion. According to standard theory, this should not happen. We therefore question the common boundary of gravity and expansion for both theoretical and observational reasons and conclude that all gravitationally dominated objects participate in cosmological expansion or scale drift, contrary to general doctrine. The space expands with its contents while numerically maintaining distance, radius, rotation time and density. What is generally interpreted as an expansion is obviously a scale drift with a drift rate that corresponds to the size of the Hubble constant. The Earth is subject to expansion and scale drift. This results in numerically constant measured values. This drift apparently also applies to distant galaxies and other objects. The cosmological red shift is not interpreted here as a Doppler effect and numerical increase in distances, but in accordance with standard theory as an expansion or drift of the space-time scale. The expansion of the radii of galaxies makes the assumption of dark matter superfluous. The continents and our everyday environment are not subject to expansion or scale drift.

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Can the apparent expansion of the universe be attributed to an increasing vacuum refractive index ?

Cited by 10 publications

References 35 publications

Cosmological Expansion Rate<strong>–</strong>Various Measurement Results and Interpretation

Cosmological Expansion Rate<strong>–</strong>Various Measurement Results and Interpretation

Dark matter and dark energy denote the gravitation of the expanding universe

Cosmological Expansion Rate<strong>–</strong>Various Measurement Results and Interpretation

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