Can the brain inhibit inflammation generated in the skin? The lesson of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone

Lotti, Torello; Bianchi, Beatrice; Ghersetich, Ilaria; Brazzini, Benedetta; Hercogová, Jana

doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2002.01408.x

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The idea that the brain can modulate peripheral inflammation has been reviewed (Lotti et al, 2002). For example, ICV administration of PPARα agonists, salicylates, acetaminophen, or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone reduce peripheral inflammation, possibly by triggering descending inhibitory signals (Catania et al, 1991; D'Agostino et al, 2007; Lotti et al, 2002; Taylor et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, ICV administration of PPARα agonists, salicylates, acetaminophen, or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone reduce peripheral inflammation, possibly by triggering descending inhibitory signals (Catania et al, 1991; D'Agostino et al, 2007; Lotti et al, 2002; Taylor et al, 2005). Descending signals traveling through the spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion and/or sympathetic chain may inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine and substance P (Catania et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in brain inhibits inflammatory pain, dorsal horn expression of Fos, and local edema

et al. 2010

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Systemic administration of thiazolidinediones reduces peripheral inflammation in vivo, presumably by acting at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in peripheral tissues. Based on a rapidly growing body of literature indicating the CNS as a functional target of PPARγ actions, we postulated that brain PPARγ modulates peripheral edema and the processing of inflammatory pain signals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. To test this in the plantar carrageenan model of inflammatory pain, we measured paw edema, heat hyperalgesia, and dorsal horn expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos after intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of PPARγ ligands or vehicle. We found that ICV rosiglitazone (0.5-50 µg) or 15d-PGJ 2 (50-200 µg), but not vehicle, dose-dependently reduced paw thickness, paw volume and behavioral withdrawal responses to noxious heat. These anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesia effects result from direct actions in the brain and not diffusion to other sites, because intraperitoneal and intrathecal administration of rosiglitazone (50 µg) and 15d-PGJ 2 (200 µg) had no effect. PPARγ agonists changed neither overt behavior nor motor coordination, indicating that non-specific behavioral effects do not contribute to PPAR ligand-induced anti-hyperalgesia. ICV administration of structurally dissimilar PPARγ antagonists (either GW9662 or BADGE) reversed the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic actions of both rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ 2 . To evaluate the effects of PPARγ agonists on a classic marker of noxious stimulus-evoked gene expression, we quantified Fos protein expression in the dorsal horn. The number of carrageenan-induced Fos-like immunoreactive profiles was less in rosiglitazone-treated rats as compared to vehicle controls. We conclude that pharmacological activation of PPARγ in the brain rapidly inhibits local edema and the spinal transmission of noxious inflammatory signals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in brain inhibits inflammatory pain, dorsal horn expression of Fos, and local edema

et al. 2010

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“…ã-MSH also seems to exercise some control over the cutaneous inflammatory process by similar mechanisms to those of á-MSH, namely down-regulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines, while the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is stimulated 65 .…”

Section: Biological Activity Of Hormones In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland

Zouboulis¹

2004

161

116

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Hormones influence the development and function of human skin which also produces and releases hormones. Recently attention has been focused on identifying and understanding the complex endocrine properties of human skin, such as expression and function of specific hormone receptors, synthesis of hormones from major classes of compounds used by the body for general purposes, organized metabolism, activation, inactivation and elimination of the hormones in specialized cells of the tissue, exertion of biological activity and release of tissue hormones in the circulation. Specifically, hormones exert their biological effects on the skin through interaction with high-affinity receptors, such as several receptors for peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, steroid and thyroid hormones. Hormones exhibit a wide range of biological activities on the skin with distinct effects caused by growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I, neuropeptides, sex steroids, glucocorticoids, retinoids, vitamin D, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, eicosanoids, melatonin and serotonin. Human skin produces, activates or inactivates metabolically numerous hormones which are probably important for skin functions but also for functions of the entire human organism, such as sex hormones, especially in aged individuals, insulin-like growth factor and -binding proteins, neuropeptides, prolactin, catecholamines, retinoids, steroids, vitamin D and eicosanoids. These functions are undertaken in most cases by different skin cell populations in a coordinated way, indicating the endocrine autonomy of the skin. Characteristic examples are the metabolic pathways of the corticotropin-releasing hormone/propiomelanocortin axis, steroidogenesis, vitamin D and retinoids. The human skin is, thus, the largest, peripheral endocrine organ.

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“…Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a 31 kDa peptide found not only in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary, but also in the reproductive and gastrointestinal organs, as well as immune cells and skin of humans and murines 1,2 . Eight biologically important neuropeptides including adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), alpha melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (αMSH), beta melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (βMSH), gamma melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (γMSH), beta lipoprotein hormone (βLPH), alpha endorphin (α endorphin), beta endorphin (βEND) and gamma endorphin (γEND) are encompassed within the sequence of the POMC molecule 3,4 . Processing of POMC varies depending on the enzymatic machinery present in cells from various tissues 5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amplification of proopiomelanocortin mRNA in canine skin: preliminary results

Kidney¹,

MacDonald²,

Angarano³

et al. 2004

Veterinary Dermatology

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Skin and pituitary specimens were obtained from a normal chow-chow cross-bred dog. Total messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted, reversed transcribed and the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using canine specific primers. The expected 391 bp amplification product was detected in both canine skin and pituitary samples. Sequencing of this product showed 100% homology to the GenBank sequence for canine PMOC cDNA, and confirmed its remarkable homology to sequences of human, pigtailed macaque, mink, pig, mouse, rat and cow POMC. These preliminary results suggest that transcription of POMC mRNA occurs in canine skin. The nature of resident or nonresident cells transcribing the POMC gene in canine skin remains unknown at this time.

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Can the brain inhibit inflammation generated in the skin? The lesson of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone

Cited by 20 publications

References 64 publications

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in brain inhibits inflammatory pain, dorsal horn expression of Fos, and local edema

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in brain inhibits inflammatory pain, dorsal horn expression of Fos, and local edema

The human skin as a hormone target and an endocrine gland

Amplification of proopiomelanocortin mRNA in canine skin: preliminary results

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