Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Affect the Eyes? A Review of Coronaviruses and Ocular Implications in Humans and Animals

Seah, Ivan; Agrawal, Rupesh

doi:10.1080/09273948.2020.1738501

Cited by 632 publications

(704 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Acute respiratory distress syndrome Eyes 39 Conjunctivitis Liver 40,41 Liver injury Systemic circulation (blood) 3 Thrombosis Kidney 19,18 Renal injury Brain/CNS 1,42 CNS symptoms GI tract 13,12 Diarrhea CNS = central nervous system; GI = gastrointestinal. atrophy, myocardial degenerative changes, and expression of viral nucleocapsid in lungs and intestines.…”

Section: Lungs 38mentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Shedding from Asymptomatic Patients: Contribution of Potential Extrapulmonary Tissue Reservoirs

Kalkeri

Goebel

Sharma

2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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. The ongoing pandemic COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has already resulted in more than 3 million cases and more than 200,000 deaths globally. Significant clinical presentations of COVID-19 include respiratory symptoms and pneumonia. In a minority of patients, extrapulmonary organs (central nervous system, eyes, heart, and gut) are affected, with detection of viral RNA in bodily secretions (stool, tears, and saliva). Infection of such extrapulmonary organs may serve as a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2, representing a potential source of viral shedding after the cessation of respiratory symptoms in recovered patients or in asymptomatic individuals. It is extremely important to understand this phenomenon, as individuals with intermittent virus shedding could be falsely identified as reinfected and may benefit from ongoing antiviral treatment. The potential of SARS-CoV-2 infection to rapidly disseminate and infect extrapulmonary organs is likely mediated through the nonstructural and accessory proteins of SARS-CoV-2, which act as ligands for host cells, and through evasion of host immune responses. The focus of this perspective is the extrapulmonary tissues affected by SARS-CoV-2 and the potential implications of their involvement for disease pathogenesis and the development of medical countermeasures.

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Section: Lungs 38mentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Shedding from Asymptomatic Patients: Contribution of Potential Extrapulmonary Tissue Reservoirs

Kalkeri

Goebel

Sharma

2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures the COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus which has a close similarity of the sequences of COVID19 to that of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV) and the virus uses ACE2 as the entry receptor-like SARS-CoV. 2 These similarities of the SARS-CoV-2 to the one that caused the SARS outbreak (SARS-CoVs) the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses termed the virus as SARS-CoV-2. 3 The understanding of the genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is important for the production of drugs and vaccines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis

Mousavizadeh

Ghasemi

2021

Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection

845

780

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COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures the COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) have many similarities, but also have differences in their genomic and phenotypic structure that can influence their pathogenesis. COVID-19 is containing singlestranded (positive-sense) RNA associated with a nucleoprotein within a capsid comprised of matrix protein. A typical CoV contains at least six ORFs in its genome. All the structural and accessory proteins are translated from the sgRNAs of CoVs. Four main structural proteins are encoded by ORFs 10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 3 0 -terminus. The genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is important. This article highlights the most important of these features compared to other Betacoronaviruses.

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“…Ocular manifestations were mostly reported during the middle phase of the disease, and in patients with severe pneumonia (3). More severe ocular manifestations as anterior uveitis, retinitis, and optic neuritis have been only documented in animal models (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular manifestation as first sign of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Interest of telemedicine during the pandemic context

Daruich

Martin²,

Bremond-Gignac

2020

Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie

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Nous rapportons le cas d'un homme de 27 ans qui a consulté par télémédecine lors de la pandémie de Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), pour une sensation de corps étranger et une rougeur à l'oeil gauche. L'examen a révélé un oedème palpébral unilatéral et une hyperémie conjonctivale diffuse modérée. Quelques heures plus tard, le patient a présenté des céphalées intenses, de la fièvre, de la toux et une dyspnée sévère, et une PCR nasopharyngée est revenue positive au SARS-CoV-2, posant le diagnostic de COVID-19. Ce cas démontre la possibilité d'une conjonctivite inaugurale lors de l'infection COVID-19. Il illustre l'intérêt de la télémédecine en ophtalmologie lors de la pandémie, une hyperémie conjonctivale modérée pouvant être le premier signe d'une détresse respiratoire sévère. Abstract We report here the case of a 27-year-old man who consulted by telemedicine during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to foreign body sensation and left eye redness. Examination revealed unilateral eyelid edema and moderate conjunctival hyperemia. A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. A nasopharyngeal swab proved positive for SARS-CoV-2. This case demonstrates that conjunctivitis can be the inaugural manifestation of the COVID-19 infection. It illustrates the interest of telemedicine in ophthalmology during the COVID-19 pandemic, since moderate conjunctival hyperemia can be the first sign of a severe respiratory distress. Page 4 of 7 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Legend Figure 1: Smartphone photograph of a left eye conjunctivitis as first presentation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 during teleophthalmology consultation. A. Left eyelid edema. B. Moderate temporal conjunctival hyperemia of the left eye. C. Inferior bulbar conjunctival hyperemia of the left eye.

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Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Affect the Eyes? A Review of Coronaviruses and Ocular Implications in Humans and Animals

Cited by 632 publications

References 41 publications

SARS-CoV-2 Shedding from Asymptomatic Patients: Contribution of Potential Extrapulmonary Tissue Reservoirs

SARS-CoV-2 Shedding from Asymptomatic Patients: Contribution of Potential Extrapulmonary Tissue Reservoirs

Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis

Ocular manifestation as first sign of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Interest of telemedicine during the pandemic context

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