Can the lost migratory Salmo trutta stocks be compensated with resident trout stocks in coastal rivers?

Kallio‐Nyberg, Irma; Jutila, Eero; Koljonen, Marja‐Liisa; Koskiniemi, Jarmo; Saloniemi, Irma

doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2009.10.011

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…For example, in Finland allacustrine populations are mostly extinct or extremely endangered (Syrjänen et al ., ). Anadromous S. trutta are found in western Europe from the Mondego River in central Portugal (Caballero Javierre et al ., ) northwards to Scandinavia and the Cheshkaya Gulf in north‐western Russia, including Iceland and the Baltic Sea (Klemetsen et al ., ), although natural stocks in Finnish and Polish rivers have largely been lost (Dębowski, ; Kallio‐Nyberg et al ., ; Soininen et al ., ). Anadromous S. trutta are found in the Black and Caspian Sea drainages (Makhrov et al ., ) and formerly also in the Aral Sea prior to desiccation and salinity increase (Markevich & Esin, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Anadromy, potamodromy and residency in brown trout Salmo trutta: the role of genes and the environment

Ferguson

Reed

Cross

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Biology

153

176

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Brown trout Salmo trutta is endemic to Europe, western Asia and north‐western Africa; it is a prominent member of freshwater and coastal marine fish faunas. The species shows two resident (river‐resident, lake‐resident) and three main facultative migratory life histories (downstream–upstream within a river system, fluvial–adfluvial potamodromous; to and from a lake, lacustrine–adfluvial (inlet) or allacustrine (outlet) potamodromous; to and from the sea, anadromous). River‐residency v. migration is a balance between enhanced feeding and thus growth advantages of migration to a particular habitat v. the costs of potentially greater mortality and energy expenditure. Fluvial–adfluvial migration usually has less feeding improvement, but less mortality risk, than lacustrine–adfluvial or allacustrine and anadromous, but the latter vary among catchments as to which is favoured. Indirect evidence suggests that around 50% of the variability in S. trutta migration v. residency, among individuals within a population, is due to genetic variance. This dichotomous decision can best be explained by the threshold‐trait model of quantitative genetics. Thus, an individual's physiological condition (e.g., energy status) as regulated by environmental factors, genes and non‐genetic parental effects, acts as the cue. The magnitude of this cue relative to a genetically predetermined individual threshold, governs whether it will migrate or sexually mature as a river‐resident. This decision threshold occurs early in life and, if the choice is to migrate, a second threshold probably follows determining the age and timing of migration. Migration destination (mainstem river, lake, or sea) also appears to be genetically programmed. Decisions to migrate and ultimate destination result in a number of subsequent consequential changes such as parr–smolt transformation, sexual maturity and return migration. Strong associations with one or a few genes have been found for most aspects of the migratory syndrome and indirect evidence supports genetic involvement in all parts. Thus, migratory and resident life histories potentially evolve as a result of natural and anthropogenic environmental changes, which alter relative survival and reproduction. Knowledge of genetic determinants of the various components of migration in S. trutta lags substantially behind that of Oncorhynchus mykiss and other salmonines. Identification of genetic markers linked to migration components and especially to the migration–residency decision, is a prerequisite for facilitating detailed empirical studies. In order to predict effectively, through modelling, the effects of environmental changes, quantification of the relative fitness of different migratory traits and of their heritabilities, across a range of environmental conditions, is also urgently required in the face of the increasing pace of such changes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Anadromy, potamodromy and residency in brown trout Salmo trutta: the role of genes and the environment

Ferguson

Reed

Cross

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Biology

153

176

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“…This suggests that more FPM populations will become extinct (Bauer, 1983(Bauer, , 1986Beasley et al, 1998;Cosgrove et al, 2000;Geist, 2010;Geist et al, 2006), and that there may be unidentified factors related to reproduction preventing population recovery. Furthermore, many large European river systems were dammed for hydroelectric production during the 20th century, fragmenting them, reducing river connectivity and thereby preventing migrations of anadromous fish, including Atlantic salmon (Bardonnet & Baglini ere, 2000;Erkinaro et al, 2011;Gosselin, 2015;Kallio-Nyberg, Jutila, Koljonen, Koskiniemi, & Saloniemi, 2010;Parrish, Behnke, Gephard, McCormick, & Reeves, 1998). Unfortunately, the salmonid species used for the compensatory salmonid stocking to mitigate dam impacts are not generally required to be the same as the lost species (Erkinaro et al, 2011;Hiltunen, 2010;Marttila et al, 2014) and, in many rivers, Atlantic salmon have been replaced by hatchery-reared brown trout (Hiltunen, 2010;Luhta & Moilanen, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) differ in their suitability as hosts for the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Fennoscandian rivers

et al. 2017

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European populations of the freshwater pearl mussel (FPM, Margaritifera margaritifera) have collapsed across much of the species’ geographic range and, despite many types of conservation intervention, the number of successful restoration efforts has been low. The goal of this study was to determine whether there were population‐specific differences in the suitability of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) as hosts for the parasitic glochidium larvae of FPM. We predicted that such differences would depend on the historical occurrence of these salmonid species in FPM habitats. We studied the potential host specificity both in the field and in laboratory by exposing salmonid fish to FPM glochidia originating from nine populations in different types of streams and rivers within three large river basins in northern Fennoscandia. The exposures showed remarkable population‐specific differences in the suitability of host species. In large main channels, previously colonised by Atlantic salmon but mostly now dammed for hydropower production, the occurrence of FPM glochidia was always highest on salmon. Moreover, glochidia on salmon were often larger than the conspecifics on brown trout. Conversely, in small tributaries with no salmon history, brown trout was generally the best, or the only suitable, host for FPM. The adaptation of certain FPM populations to salmon is a highly significant finding, which offers — together with the hydropower dam construction and the salmonid stocking practices that often favour brown trout — an explanation for the collapse of FPM populations living in former Atlantic salmon rivers. This study illustrates the indirect but substantial effects that dams and changes in fish communities may induce, and emphasises the need to determine the most suitable host species for each FPM population in order to inform conservation and management actions.

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“…No similar result was obtained in any of our experiments, but as an infection prevalence of 100 % was often detected in non-local host strains in our experiments, too, one can estimate that the potential spread of non-original strains to FPM habitats may not pose a strong threat to FPM. However, for the best success of FPM restoration methods including salmonid stocking (Bauer 1988, Buddensiek 1995, Geist et al 2006, Thomas et al 2010, but also to conserve and restore the natural salmonid populations which often are also declining (Parrish et al 1998, Almodóvar and Nicola 1999, Kallio-Nyberg et al 2001, Burkhardt-Holm et al 2005, stocking only host fish originating from population sympatric with FPM is recommended. Furthermore, results from artificial culture and reintroduction programmes (Buddensiek 1995, Beasley and Roberts 1999, Geist 2010, Thomas et al 2010, Gum et al 2011 may also be enhanced by using the original host strains when available.…”

Section: Local Adaptation Of M Margaritifera (Ii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An alien fish threatens an endangered parasitic bivalve: the relationship between brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Europe

Salonen

Marjomäki

Taskinen

2016

Aquatic Conservation

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Salonen, JouniThe role of salmonid fishes in conservation of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2016, 48 The abundance of freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) has declined widely during the past century, and new conservation initiatives are needed. This thesis focused on the relationship between M. margaritifera and its salmonid host required for reproduction of this species. First, by exposing fish experimentally to glochidium larvae of M. margaritifera, different M. margaritifera populations were shown to demonstrate strong differences in their ability to parasitize different salmonid species. Atlantic salmon was clearly a better host for mussels in large river channels, whereas in small headwater tributaries brown trout was the best, or the only suitable, host. These findings provide a previously unrecognised explanation for the collapse and the lack of recruitment especially of the salmon-specific M. margaritifera populations; a high proportion of large salmon rivers were dammed for hydropower production in the 1960s, which prevented the migration of salmon and thus left M. margaritifera without the appropriate host in these rivers. Furthermore, an invasive salmonid, brook trout, was widely introduced to small tributaries above the dams in the past, but in this study was shown to be an unsuitable host for M. margaritifera. Thus, and due to the tendency of brook trout to replace native brown trout, the spread of brook trout is an additional threat to M. margaritifera. An indication of local adaptation of M. margaritifera, i.e. higher infectivity in sympatric salmonid host strain than in allopatric populations of the same species, was also detected. Finally, a new, nondestructive approach to search for M. margaritifera populations, involving electrofishing and quick visual examination of the gills of captured salmonids, revealed the occurrence of 3 previously unknown populations. The results of this thesis highlight the importance of taking into account the roles of salmonid fish in future efforts to search, protect and restore freshwater pearl mussel populations.

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Can the lost migratory Salmo trutta stocks be compensated with resident trout stocks in coastal rivers?

Cited by 14 publications

References 56 publications

Anadromy, potamodromy and residency in brown trout Salmo trutta: the role of genes and the environment

Anadromy, potamodromy and residency in brown trout Salmo trutta: the role of genes and the environment

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) differ in their suitability as hosts for the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Fennoscandian rivers

An alien fish threatens an endangered parasitic bivalve: the relationship between brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Europe

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