Can unpredicted outcomes be intended? The role of outcome-beliefs in children's judgments of intention

Yu, Luyang; Li, Hong; Deák, Gedeon O.

doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2010.09.003

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Of course, skilled control of action is still far from mature: preschoolers' deliberate actions are more variable, slower, less precise, and less inhibited than adults' (Adolph and Berger, 2006). Toddlers' perception and knowledge of human action is also immature (e.g., Liao and Deák, 2011). Thus, these results provide a benchmark for further research on the neurological resources that serve children's growing action control, and growing understanding of other people's actions.…”

Section: Mu Desynchronization In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 92%

EEG imaging of toddlers during dyadic turn-taking: Mu-rhythm modulation while producing or observing social actions

Acar

Makeig

et al. 2015

NeuroImage

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Contemporary active-EEG and EEG-imaging methods show particular promise for studying the development of action planning and social-action representation in infancy and early childhood. Action-related mu suppression was measured in eleven 3-year-old children and their mothers during a 'live,' largely unscripted social interaction. High-density EEG was recorded from children and synchronized with motion-captured records of children's and mothers' hand actions, and with video recordings. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) was used to separate brain and non-brain source signals in toddlers' EEG records. EEG source dynamics were compared across three kinds of epochs: toddlers' own actions (execution), mothers' actions (observation), and between-turn intervals (no action). Mu (6-9 Hz) power was suppressed in left and right somatomotor cortex during both action execution and observation, as reflected by independent components of individual children's EEG data. These mu rhythm components were accompanied by beta-harmonic (~16 Hz) suppression, similar to findings from adults. The toddlers' power spectrum and scalp density projections provide converging evidence of adult-like musuppression features. Mu-suppression components' source locations were modeled using an age-specific 4-layer forward head model. Putative sources clustered around somatosensory cortex, near the hand/arm region. The results demonstrate that action-locked, event-related EEG dynamics can be measured, and sourceresolved, from toddlers during social interactions with relatively unrestricted social behaviors.

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Section: Mu Desynchronization In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 92%

EEG imaging of toddlers during dyadic turn-taking: Mu-rhythm modulation while producing or observing social actions

Acar

Makeig

et al. 2015

NeuroImage

Self Cite

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“…Whereas this study and others (Carpenter et al, 2002; Huang, 2013) suggest that understanding of prior intentions might be present in 2- to 3-year-olds in social learning situations, children cannot answer explicit verbal questions about prior intentions until 5–6 years of age (Astington, 1991). Similarly, while there is evidence that 14- to 18-month-old infants preferentially imitate intentional over accidental actions (Carpenter et al, 1998), 4-year-olds have difficulty judging intentions when actions produce unintended (by accident) but desirable outcomes (Liao et al, 2011). Therefore, we must be cautious about extending the superior performance by children without ASD in the Prior Intention condition to a full-fledged concept of intention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young children with autism spectrum disorders imitate in the context of others’ prior intention

Huang

Chiang

Hung

2016

Autism

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Many studies have shown that children with autism spectrum disorder have some understanding of intentions behind others' goal-directed actions on objects. It is not clear whether they understand intentions at a high level of abstraction reliant on the context in which the actions occur. This study tested their understanding of others' prior intentions with typically developing and developmentally delayed children. We replicated Carpenter et al.'s test of the ability to understand prior intentions embedded in the social situation with an additional context of no prior intention. Results showed that when the experimenter's intention was made known before the demonstration, children without autism spectrum disorder performed not only better than the autism spectrum disorder children but also better than themselves when there was no information about prior intention. No between-condition difference was found in the autism spectrum disorder group. It thus appears that children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty decoupling intentions from the context of the situation. The present findings, together with previous evidence for the intactness of the ability to understand and to imitate goal-directed actions, suggest that asymmetrical imitation performance occurs at different levels of understanding of intention by children with autism spectrum disorder.

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“…It has been suggested that an understanding of mental states better enables children to consider the intentions of the story character, therefore allowing them to make more mature moral judgements (e.g., Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol & Woodward, 2011;Fu, Killen, Xiao & Lee, 2014). Research has demonstrated that by approximately 5 years of age children have begun to consider intentions more than outcomes when making moral judgements (e.g., Liao, Li & Deak, 2011;Zelazo et al, 1996;Helwig, et al, 2001), and that their Theory of Mind (ToM) skills contribute to such considerations (Killen et al, 2011). However, with the one exception, the research reported thus far employs the practice of comparing characters across scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preschoolers' Development of Intent-Based Moral Judgement and the Role of Theory of Mind

Andrews¹

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The current study examined 4-and 5-year-old children's ability to use intention information in their moral judgements of story characters with identical, neutral intentions that produced different outcomes (one neutral and one negative). Children were presented with two story types: stories in which two characters are included, and stories in which only one character is presented. It was hypothesized that children would show more mature moral reasoning when they were given the chance to directly compare the characters, especially their matched intentions, when they are presented within a single story, compared to across stories. However, results revealed that children's moral ratings were less mature when presented with dual-character stories compared to singlecharacter stories. On the other hand, children's assignment of punishment and identification of the characters' intentions did not differ depending on the story type.Performance on the task was also examined in relation to false belief understanding. DEVELOPMENT OF INTENT-BASED MORAL JUDGEMENTiii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Deepthi Kamawar for all of the time and energy that she has invested in this thesis. Deepthi's support and guidance throughout this project has been invaluable, and her thoughtfulness, encouragement, and enthusiasm have made this such an enjoyable and extremely rewarding experience.

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Can unpredicted outcomes be intended? The role of outcome-beliefs in children's judgments of intention

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

EEG imaging of toddlers during dyadic turn-taking: Mu-rhythm modulation while producing or observing social actions

EEG imaging of toddlers during dyadic turn-taking: Mu-rhythm modulation while producing or observing social actions

Young children with autism spectrum disorders imitate in the context of others’ prior intention

Preschoolers' Development of Intent-Based Moral Judgement and the Role of Theory of Mind

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