Can vehicle-to-grid facilitate the transition to low carbon energy systems?

Owens, James; Miller, Ian; Gençer, Emre

doi:10.1039/d2ya00204c

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The value of 𝑝 𝐸,𝑖𝑛𝑗 𝑡,𝑠 is a function of the relative share of injection going toward the depot base load 𝑥 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 or the wholesale grid (determined via a set of binary constraints): Also, a cost of accelerated aging from increased battery cycling is included, 𝑝 𝑑𝑒𝑔 , $0.01/kWh injection (eq. 1b) 6 . The second part of (eq.…”

Section: Objective and Constraint Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, a study by Szinai et al reports that unmanaged EV charging will cost the California grid $120-$690 million of annual operating expenses in 2025 and require either generation capacity investment or costly imports to avoid blackout scenarios 5 . Further, a more recent study by Owens et al indicates that smart charging capabilities are particularly critical to economically achieving the low carbon pledges made by U.S. states 6 . Not to mention increasing electrification across buildings and industry and network bottlenecks, it is likely that a variety of integrated resources and demand side management strategies will be required to support increasing electric loads in decarbonizing power systems 7 .…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the vehicle level, charge and discharge decisions are bound by physical battery energy capacity and charger power capacity limits (eqs. [3][4][5][6]. Each vehicle has a known SOC upon arrival at the depot and a departure target for fulfilling next day travel (3.4).…”

Section: Objective and Constraint Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Commercial Electric Vehicle Fleets Participating in Ancillary Services Markets: A Stochastic Analysis to Inform Rate Modifications

Owens,

Schittekatte,

Gençer

2023

Preprint

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Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) has massive potential to make transportation decarbonization more economically attractive while bolstering the broader power system. Here we discuss how traditional electricity retail rate design can render the business case of commercial fleet electrification in the United States less attractive by disincentivizing V2G participation. We tackle this issue bottom-up by introducing a high-resolution stochastic model to examine tariffs' impacts on charging and frequency regulation bidding for a delivery fleet housed at a large warehouse. Using data from California for the rate design and frequency regulation prices, we show that absent a rate redesign, opportunities for both fleets and the grid are missed out. We propose a rate modification: demand charge relaxation during off-peak, overnight hours. This enables fleets to shift additional load share to overnight hours and substantially increase ancillary service revenues, with no impact expected on the local grid cost driver, i.e., the coincident peak load. Applying this change to a Pacific Gas and Electric tariff, we observe daily regulation capacity bids of ~5 MW and operational savings of 7.5% and 20.6% for a 20 EV and 60 EV fleets, respectively. Savings are driven by capacity revenues for smaller fleets and deferred demand charges for larger fleets.

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Section: Objective and Constraint Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Commercial Electric Vehicle Fleets Participating in Ancillary Services Markets: A Stochastic Analysis to Inform Rate Modifications

Owens,

Schittekatte,

Gençer

2023

Preprint

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“…One of them is installing 150 million tons of low-emission hydrogen by 2030, capturing about four Gt of emissions by 2035, and increasing the share of electric vehicles in new truck sales by half by 2035. A study by Owens 36 confirmed the importance of storage in the energy transition by modeling Vehicle to Energy (V2G) and found that the impact of V2G on system capacity and value in the New England Light Duty Vehicle fleet was 13.9% is significant, replacing stationary storage of around 14.7 GW. Furthermore, the blueprint believes that achieving NZE is based on global partnerships in various areas, such as innovation, including technology partnerships, to bring key technologies such as hydrogen, enhanced biofuels, carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) to a commercial scale.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the carbon dioxide emission levels of G7 countries: A count data approach

Tuo

Chang

Brou

et al. 2022

Energy & Environment

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The G7 countries account for about 40% of the global gross domestic product and emit 25% of energy-related emissions due to their energy use, releasing so much carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. This study uses competing count data models to model carbon emissions between 2002 and 2021. All the hypotheses are significant and with varied effects on the energy use of the G7 economies, backing the increasing levels of emissions. The findings show that emissions from manufacturing and construction have mixed effects on the energy use of the G7 countries, increasing by 2.37% and reducing by 6.65% and 8.39% in some countries. The study proves that the transport sector is the hard-to-abate sector as the effects of the transport covariate impact minimally between 6.49% and 4.13% of the G7. This means that the transport sector is the high-hanging fruit for deep decarbonization due to the low level of technology readiness. Also, emissions from solid fuels increase between 6.49% and 4.13% in the G7 countries, implying that coal consumption has peaked due to the current energy crisis. The cross-sectional dependence (CD) analysis proves a strong significant dependence among the study countries depicting the global nature of pollution. The fitness of the model was performed using the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria to determine the appropriate method to present robust and consistent results. The panel's negative Poisson regression model obtains the lowest Akaike information criteria and Bayesian information criteria values and is therefore the most appropriate model for the analysis. This will serve as a rallying point for achieving net zero emission (NZE) targets by mid-century and for scaling technologies to achieve that goal.

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“…To satisfy the rapidly growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the global market, the scientific community is focused on developing high-performance electrode materials. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Among several candidates, Li-excess oxides with a cation-disordered rocksalt (DRS) structure are promising positive electrode materials due to their high theoretical capacities (>350 mA h g -1 ). [8][9][10][11][12] DRS oxides used to be disregarded as a positive electrode material because of the absence of a lithium migration path in DRS structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Electrode Reversibility of Nanosized Li1.15Nb0.15Mn0.7O2 through Li3PO4 Integration

2023

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A lithium-excess cation-disordered rocksalt oxide, Li1.15Nb0.15Mn0.7O2, is synthesized and tested as positive electrode materials for battery applications. Although nanosized Li1.15Nb0.15Mn0.7O2 delivers a large reversible capacity using cationic/anionic redox reaction, the inferior capacity retention hinders its use for practical applications. Such degradation of electrode reversibility, including electrochemical and structural reversibility, is anticipated to originate from the gradual oxygen loss for the electrode materials with anionic redox. Herein, Li3PO4 is integrated into Li1.15Nb0.15Mn0.7O2 by high-energy mechanical milling, and 7 mol% Li3PO4 integrated Li1.15Nb0.15Mn0.7O2, Li1.2P0.06Nb0.13Mn0.61O2, shows much improved cyclability when compared with the sample without Li3PO4. Approximately 80% of reversible capacity is retained after 100cycle test at a rate of 200 mA g -1 . Moreover, electrode kinetics are significantly improved by Li3PO4 integration, and Li1.2P0.06Nb0.13Mn0.61O2 delivers a discharge capacity of 200 mA h g -1 at a rate of 640 mA g -1 . Li1.2P0.06Nb0.13Mn0.61O2 also shows improved thermal stability at elevated temperatures. From these results, the effectiveness of Li3PO4 integration into nanosized disordered rocksalt oxides with anionic redox is discussed, and this finding leads to the development of metastable high-capacity positive electrode materials for advanced Li-ion batteries.

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Can vehicle-to-grid facilitate the transition to low carbon energy systems?

Abstract: Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is when electric vehicles (EVs) provide services to the power grid, such as shifting when they charge or discharging to serve peaks loads. At scale, an aggregator can...

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Commercial Electric Vehicle Fleets Participating in Ancillary Services Markets: A Stochastic Analysis to Inform Rate Modifications

Commercial Electric Vehicle Fleets Participating in Ancillary Services Markets: A Stochastic Analysis to Inform Rate Modifications

Estimating the carbon dioxide emission levels of G7 countries: A count data approach

Improved Electrode Reversibility of Nanosized Li<sub>1.15</sub>Nb<sub>0.15</sub>Mn<sub>0.7</sub>O<sub>2</sub> through Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> Integration

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