Can We Prevent Influenza-like Illnesses by Gargling?

Kitamura, Tetsuhisa; Satomura, Kazunari; Kawamura, Takashi; Yamada, S.; Takashima, Kyoko; Suganuma, Narufumi; Namai, Hideo; Komura, Yoko

doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0104

Cited by 40 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The full‐text publications were retrieved for the remaining 100 articles. Of these, 93 failed to meet eligibility criteria, leaving seven articles to be included in the review . Figure shows an overview of the article selection review process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disinfection and hygiene interventions focussed on personal hygienic practices, these including oral care and gargling . Barrier interventions included studies on the effectiveness of surgical masks .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies from Japan investigated gargling and oral hygiene as interventions to interrupt transmission. One RCT indicated gargling was effective at decreasing the overall upper respiratory tract infection rates (water gargling incidence rate ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41–0.99; povidone‐iodine incidence rate ratio 0.89, 95% CI: 0.60–1.33); however, there were no benefits found specifically against seasonal ILI infection rates for either intervention . The other Japanese RCT investigated the effects of professional oral care by dentists versus standard oral care among elderly participants visiting community day care services.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of non‐pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the transmission of influenza in adults: A systematic review

et al. 2015

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During seasonal influenza epidemics and pandemics, virus transmission causes significant public health concern. Reduction of viral transmission by non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) has a significant appeal and is often recommended. However, the efficacy of such interventions is unclear. A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify and evaluate the published literature on NPI efficacy to prevent human transmission of influenza virus in adults. Reviewers assessed the quality of eligible studies utilizing the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for bias and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network for methodological quality. Studies were assessed for risk of bias domains of random sequence generation, allocation concealment, attribution bias, selective reporting and blinding. Relevant citations of 2247 were reduced to 100 for full-text evaluation. Only seven met all selection criteria and pooled analysis was not feasible. Of the seven studies, two were randomized controlled trials (RCT) and five were cluster RCT. The main NPI studied were disinfection and hygiene; barriers; and combined NPI. However, these seven RCT had significant design flaws. Only two studies used laboratory confirmed influenza and poor statistical power was a major problem. Positive significant interventions included professional oral hygiene intervention in the elderly and hand washing. Despite the potential for NPI in preventing influenza transmission, there is very limited data available. Hand washing and dental hygiene may be useful, but other interventions have not been fully assessed. Properly designed studies evaluating large populations including ‘at risk’ patients and in a variety of communities are needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of non‐pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the transmission of influenza in adults: A systematic review

et al. 2015

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“…Assuming oral entry of such pathogens, gargling offers a practical measure for their eradication (62). Gargling has been strongly advocated for both prevention and treatment of URTIs in Japan, a practice supported by findings from studies that looked at the role of gargling in both healthy individuals and those with frequent or persistent respiratory infections (62)(63)(64). In these studies, gargling with either water or PVP-I (four times daily), respectively, were found to reduce the incidence of URTIs.…”

Section: The Role Of Pvp-i In Common Respiratory Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical use of povidone‐iodine antiseptic in the maintenance of oral health and in the prevention and treatment of common oropharyngeal infections

Kanagalingam¹,

et al. 2015

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Aims: To better inform medical practitioners on the role of antiseptics in oropharyngeal health and disease, this article focuses on povidone-iodine (PVP-I), an established and widely-available antiseptic agent. Methodology: Review of the anti-infective profile, efficacy and safety of PVP-I in managing common upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold, influenza and tonsillo-pharyngitis, as well as oral complications resulting from cancer treatment (oral mucositis), and dental conditions (periodontitis, caries). Results: Antiseptics with broad-spectrum anti-infective activity and low resistance potential offer an attractive option in both infection control and prevention. While there is some evidence of benefit of antiseptics in a variety of clinical settings that include dental and oral hygiene, dermatology, oncology, and pulmonology, there appears to be discordance between the evidence-base and practice. This is especially apparent in the management and prevention of oropharyngeal infections, for which the use of antiseptics varies considerably between clinical practices, and is in marked contrast to their dermal application, where they are extensively used as both a prophylaxis and a treatment of skin and wound infections, thus minimising the use of antibiotics. Conclusion: The link between oral and oropharyngeal health status and susceptibility to infection has long been recognised. The high rates of antibiotic misuse and subsequent development of bacterial resistance (e.g. increasing vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) in large parts of the world, especially across Asia Pacific, highlight the need for identifying alternative antimicrobials that would minimise the use of these medications. This, together with recent large-scale outbreaks of, for example, avian and swine influenza virus, further underline the importance of an increasing armamentarium for infection prevention and control. Review criteriaData were collected through PubMed using specified search criteria based on efficacy, safety and microbicidal activity of PVP-I. Other health-based search engines that included the Cochrane Library were also used to search for reviews on antiseptic use in defined clinical settings. General searches using Google for non-English articles on PVP-I were also conducted. Expert opinion was sought in areas of limited published information such as optimal duration of PVP-I treatment.

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“…Secondary outcome: Severity of URTI of the incident cases was assessed by grading each symptom during the initial 7 days after the onset of URTI in numeric scores: none = 0, mild = 1, moderate = 2 and severe = 3. ILI was defined as both developing a fever of 38C or higher, and worsening arthralgia in addition to some respiratory symptoms (Kitamura 2007) Safety: No harm was reported. However, 2 patients in the poviodine group switched to water gargling (analyzed in their assignment group)…”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of illness and the impact of school closure on social contact patterns.

Eames

Tilston²,

White³

et al. 2010

Health Technol Assess

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. It provides the framework through which the research staff and research infrastructure of the NHS in England is positioned, maintained and managed as a national research facility.The NIHR provides the NHS with the support it needs to conduct first-class research funded by the Government and its partners alongside high-quality patient care, education and training. Its aim is to support outstanding individuals (both leaders and collaborators), working in world-class facilities (both NHS and university), conducting leading-edge research focused on the needs of patients.This themed issue of the Health Technology Assessment journal series contains a collection of research commissioned by the NIHR as part of the Department of Health's (DH) response to the H1N1 swine flu pandemic. The NIHR through the NIHR Evaluation Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre (NETSCC) commissioned a number of research projects looking into the treatment and management of H1N1 influenza.NETSCC managed the pandemic flu research over a very short timescale in two ways. Firstly, it responded to urgent national research priority areas identified by the Scientific Advisory Group in Emergencies (SAGE). Secondly, a call for research proposals to inform policy and patient care in the current influenza pandemic was issued in June 2009. All research proposals went through a process of academic peer review by clinicians and methodologists as well as being reviewed by a specially convened NIHR Flu Commissioning Board.The final reports from these projects have been peer reviewed by a number of independent expert referees before publication in this journal series. Criteria for inclusion in the HTA journal seriesReports are published in the HTA journal series if (1) they have resulted from work for the HTA programme or, in the case of this national priority, the NIHR, and (2) they are of a sufficiently high scientific quality as assessed by the referees and editors.Reviews in Health Technology Assessment are termed 'systematic' when the account of the search, appraisal and synthesis methods (to minimise biases and random errors) would, in theory, permit the replication of the review by others.The research reports in this themed issue were funded through the Cochrane Collaboration; the Health Services Research programme (HSR); the Health Technology Assessment programme (HTA); the Policy Research Programme (PRP); the Public Health Research programme (PHR); and the Service Delivery and Organisation Programme (SDO).The Cochrane Collaboration is an international not-for-profit and independent organisation, dedicated to making up-to-date, accurate information about the effects of health care readily available worldwide. It produces and disseminates systematic reviews of health-care interventions and promotes the search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and other studies of interventions. Cochrane reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials are published and updated in The Cochrane Library (www.cochranelibrary.com).The HSR programm...

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Can We Prevent Influenza-like Illnesses by Gargling?

Abstract: Our recent randomized controlled trial (1)

Cited by 40 publications

References 4 publications

Use of non‐pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the transmission of influenza in adults: A systematic review

Use of non‐pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the transmission of influenza in adults: A systematic review

Practical use of povidone‐iodine antiseptic in the maintenance of oral health and in the prevention and treatment of common oropharyngeal infections

The impact of illness and the impact of school closure on social contact patterns.

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