Canada Thistle (<i>Cirsium arvense</i>) Propagation from Stem Sections

Magnusson, Mark U.; Wyse, Donald L.; Spitzmueller, Joseph M.

doi:10.1017/s0043174500060719

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Håkansson (2003) stated that thistle was less easily controlled by autumn tillage owing to dormancy then. In relation to ploughing, Magnusson, Wyse & Spitzmueller (1987) found that partially buried stem sections, both aerial and subterranean, taken up to the post‐bloom stage were capable of developing adventitious roots and overwintering until the following spring. Sections taken in autumn did not survive the winter and survival rates were also lower in sections taken in spring or at the bud stage.…”

Section: Response To Biotic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Tiley¹

2010

Journal of Ecology

143

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Summary1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Cirsium arvense that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and management. 2. Cirsium arvense, creeping thistle (Californian thistle, Canada thistle), one of the world's most troublesome and persistent weeds, is native to Europe and the east northern hemisphere but introduced to North America and the southern hemisphere. Latitudinal distribution north or south is limited by low winter and summer maximum temperatures and by a long day requirement for flowering. 3. Cirsium arvense is believed to have originated in the temperate Middle East and its spread has closely followed human migration and agricultural activity. Colonization of new sites is by seed which establishes best in bare or disturbed ground, mirroring its prehistoric ecology as an opportunist pioneer of bare ground and organic residues. It is now a widespread and scheduled agricultural weed in both arable crops and pastures and also a constituent in over 70 British (National Vegetation Classification) plant communities, occurring mainly on waste neglected land, roadsides, hedgerows and disturbed areas. 4. Its presence in crops leads to yield losses and in pastures seriously interferes with utilization due to the deterrent effect of the leaf spines on grazing animals. This has led to a long history of investigation into control measures: mechanical, chemical, biological and integrated, which are summarized. Combination treatments and integrated control have achieved some success but effective control requires follow-up procedures over a number of seasons. Climate change studies suggest C. arvense could grow better and be more difficult to control in future. 5. Success and persistence derives from an extensive, far-creeping and deep rooting system which ensures survival and rapid vegetative spread under a wide range of soil and management conditions, and a means of escape from sub-aerial control treatments. New adventitious buds capable of shoot development can arise at any point along the horizontal roots, even when these are cut into pieces or damaged. Root buds remain dormant until released from dormancy through damage or decay of the aerial shoots. Carbohydrate root reserves, stored in swollen cortical tissue, fall to a minimum just before flowering and are then replenished for perennation during the subsequent winter. Strategies for control aim to treat the plant when root carbohydrate reserves are at a minimum, to exhaust these reserves and to prevent replenishment for further perennation. 6. Balanced against its difficulty as a weed, C. arvense has significant conservation value as a host to numerous insects, many attracted by copi...

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Section: Response To Biotic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Tiley¹

2010

Journal of Ecology

143

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“…Such results can sometimes be dependent on weed plant phenology. For example, Magnusson et al (1987) considered the production of new shoots in Cirsium arvense from stem sections to be no more than an accessory.…”

Section: Impact On the Plantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical destruction of weeds. A review

Chicouene¹

2007

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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The various methods of mechanical removal of weeds in relation to their biology are reviewed. Depending on the stage of growth and type of weed, i.e. the depth at which new shoots can be formed and the ability to withstand burial, implements inflict damage on weeds in different ways: cutting, burial or uprooting. The various types of damage are exemplified. The three main methods of destruction are analysed and compared. These are: lethal damage, particularly effective in the case of plantlets; the exhaustion of reserves, effective where either deep or surface organs are targeted; and withering, of special interest where sub-surface parts are involved. Stored reserves can be depleted by either cutting the foliage, burying foliar parts or severely cutting up surface organs of propagation. Withering is accomplished by either cutting the roots, by exposing the roots to the air or by shaking out rootlets. It is shown that the kind of damage is strongly dependent upon the type of organ involved. Advances in our understanding of the way in which mortality occurs are discussed in the light of research.

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“…The extensive root system found in CT patches makes the plant difficult to control. Traditional land preparation (plowing or tilling) aggravates CT infestations by cutting up roots and producing fragments which bud and produce new shoots and patches (Magnusson, et al, 1987). Herbicides that kill the root system are the primary option for CT control in row-crop agriculture (Beck, 2008), although this option is only moderately effective since CT plants frequently recover from treatment (Carlson and Donald, 1988; Thomas et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling use of the rust fungusPuccinia punctiformisfor biological control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.): First report on a U.S. statewide effort

Bean,

Gladem,

Rosen

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop., CT) is one of the worst weeds threatening temperate regions of the world. A host-specific rust fungus,Puccinia punctiformis(F. Strauss) Rohl., is known to cause systemic disease of CT, ultimately killing individuals and reducing stand densities. In 2013, it was demonstrated that fall inoculation of rosettes with coarsely ground leaves bearingP. punctiformistelia can successfully initiate epiphytotics. In the same year, a cooperative project between the Colorado Department of Agriculture and United States Department of Agriculture was initiated, in which CT patches across the state of Colorado (USA) were inoculated and tracked over subsequent years for changes in stem density. Here, we report our findings from 8 years (2014-2021) of monitoring effort. At most sites (N= 87), CT stem densities declined, from a mean (± SE) of 87.9 (± 6.5) stems to 44.7 (± 4.2). These declines however were spatially-autocorrelated, and likely attributable to local growing conditions, as mean annual daily maximum temperature and standard deviation of elevation, as well as climatic conditions around the times of both treatment and monitoring, were found to be important predictors of CT decline. Further, we observed that the amount of inoculum deployed, timing since last release, and method in which it was spread locally at a site were also associated with the magnitude of CT stem decline. These results are indicative of the value ofP. punctiformisas a CT biological control agent. The nameCirsium arvensedieback (CADB) is proposed herein to describe the agriculturally important decline in CT stem densities attributable to this previously un-named systemic disease.

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Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Propagation from Stem Sections

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Mechanical destruction of weeds. A review

Scaling use of the rust fungusPuccinia punctiformisfor biological control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.): First report on a U.S. statewide effort

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