Cancer immunotherapy: Pros, cons and beyond

Tan, Shuhua; Li, Dongpei; Zhu, Xiao

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109821

Cited by 466 publications

(300 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Tumors can develop immune tolerance by suppressing the immune system's ability to recognize and kill tumor cells. Tumor immunotherapy is a hot research topic in recent years [28], and a variety of evidence shows that mTOR pathway, which is often abnormally activated in tumors, can regulate the differentiation and function of immune cells.…”

Section: Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mTOR signaling pathway and mTOR inhibitors in cancer: progress and challenges

et al. 2020

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Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis by participating in multiple signaling pathways in the body. Studies have shown that the mTOR signaling pathway is also associated with cancer, arthritis, insulin resistance, osteoporosis, and other diseases. The mTOR signaling pathway, which is often activated in tumors, not only regulates gene transcription and protein synthesis to regulate cell proliferation and immune cell differentiation but also plays an important role in tumor metabolism. Therefore, the mTOR signaling pathway is a hot target in anti-tumor therapy research. In recent years, a variety of newly discovered mTOR inhibitors have entered clinical studies, and a variety of drugs have been proven to have high activity in combination with mTOR inhibitors. The purpose of this review is to introduce the role of mTOR signaling pathway on apoptosis, autophagy, growth, and metabolism of tumor cells, and to introduce the research progress of mTOR inhibitors in the tumor field.

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Section: Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mTOR signaling pathway and mTOR inhibitors in cancer: progress and challenges

et al. 2020

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“…Meanwhile, it inhibits apoptosis and stimulates autophagy through a series of signaling pathways, thus reducing the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy (50,51). In addition, the anti-GRP78 antibody has been found to have anti-tumor activity, which can not only reduce the tumor growth rate but also enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (52,53). This provides a more effective and feasible method for the limitation of internal medicine treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (54).…”

Section: Participation In Immune Activation and Immunosuppressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting the GRP78 Pathway for Cancer Therapy

Luo

Zhu

2020

Front. Med.

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The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) plays an important part in maintaining protein stability, regulating protein folding, and inducing apoptosis autophagy, which is considered as a powerful protein. Meanwhile, it also plays a role in ensuring the normal function of organs. In recent years, more and more researches have been carried out on the targeted therapy of GRP78, mainly focusing on its relevant role in tumor and its role as a major modulator and modulator of subordinate pathways. The ability of GRP78 to respond to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) determines whether tumor cells survive and whether the changes in expression level of GRP78 regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) caused by various factors will directly or indirectly affect cell proliferation, apoptosis, and injury, or reduce the body's defense ability, or have protective effects on various organs.

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“…Alongside innate inflammatory cells, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes also play key roles in the tumour microenvironment [13][14][15]. Furthermore, recent advances in immunotherapy have revolutionized cancer treatment by promoting the adaptive immune response against cancer cells [239,240]. However, little is known as to when and how adaptive immune cells respond to pre-neoplastic or early neoplastic stage tumour development.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Responses during Tumour Initiation: From Zebrafish Transgenic Models of Cancer to Evidence from Mouse and Man

Elliot

Myllymäki

Feng

2020

Cells

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The zebrafish is now an important model organism for cancer biology studies and provides unique and complementary opportunities in comparison to the mammalian equivalent. The translucency of zebrafish has allowed in vivo live imaging studies of tumour initiation and progression at the cellular level, providing novel insights into our understanding of cancer. Here we summarise the available transgenic zebrafish tumour models and discuss what we have gleaned from them with respect to cancer inflammation. In particular, we focus on the host inflammatory response towards transformed cells during the pre-neoplastic stage of tumour development. We discuss features of tumour-associated macrophages and neutrophils in mammalian models and present evidence that supports the idea that these inflammatory cells promote early stage tumour development and progression. Direct live imaging of tumour initiation in zebrafish models has shown that the intrinsic inflammation induced by pre-neoplastic cells is tumour promoting. Signals mediating leukocyte recruitment to pre-neoplastic cells in zebrafish correspond to the signals that mediate leukocyte recruitment in mammalian tumours. The activation state of macrophages and neutrophils recruited to pre-neoplastic cells in zebrafish appears to be heterogenous, as seen in mammalian models, which provides an opportunity to study the plasticity of innate immune cells during tumour initiation. Although several potential mechanisms are described that might mediate the trophic function of innate immune cells during tumour initiation in zebrafish, there are several unknowns that are yet to be resolved. Rapid advancement of genetic tools and imaging technologies for zebrafish will facilitate research into the mechanisms that modulate leukocyte function during tumour initiation and identify targets for cancer prevention.

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Cancer immunotherapy: Pros, cons and beyond

Cited by 466 publications

References 86 publications

mTOR signaling pathway and mTOR inhibitors in cancer: progress and challenges

mTOR signaling pathway and mTOR inhibitors in cancer: progress and challenges

Targeting the GRP78 Pathway for Cancer Therapy

Inflammatory Responses during Tumour Initiation: From Zebrafish Transgenic Models of Cancer to Evidence from Mouse and Man

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