Cancer of the Respiratory System in the United States Chromate-Producing Industry

Machle, Willard; Gregorius, Frederick

doi:10.2307/4586677

Cited by 194 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…Since the late 1940s, Cr VI has been recognized as highly toxic (Machle and Gregorius 1948), and it was subsequently designated as a Group 1 carcinogenic substance for humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (WHO-IARC 1990). Conversely, Cr III is thought to be an essential trace element for mammals because it is apparently involved in glucose and lipid metabolism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Danieli

Serrani

Primi

et al. 2012

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Heavy metals are ubiquitous in soil, water, and air. Their entrance into the food chain is an important environmental issue that entails risks to humans. Several reports indicate that game meat can be an important source of heavy metals, particularly because of the increasing consumption of game meat, mainly by hunters. We performed an exposure assessment of hunters and members of their households, both adults and children, who consumed wild boar (WB) meat and offal. We estimated the amount of cadmium, lead, and chromium in the tissues of WB hunted in six areas within Viterbo Province (Italy) and gathered data on WB meat and offal consumption by conducting specific diet surveys in the same areas. The exposure to cadmium, lead, and chromium was simulated with specifically developed Monte Carlo simulation models. Cadmium and lead levels in WB liver and meat harvested in Viterbo Province (Italy) were similar to or lower than the values reported in other studies. However, some samples contained these metals at levels greater then the EU limits set for domestic animals. The chromium content of meat or liver cannot be evaluated against any regulatory limit, but our results suggest that the amounts of this metal found in WB products may reflect a moderate environmental load. Our survey of the hunter population confirmed that their consumption of WB meat and liver was greater than that of the general Italian population. This level of consumption was comparable with other European studies. Consumption of WB products contributes significantly to cadmium and lead exposure of both adults and children. More specifically, consumption of the WB liver contributed significantly to total cadmium and lead exposure of members of the households of WB hunters. As a general rule, liver consumption should be kept to a minimum, especially for children living in these hunter households. The exposure to chromium estimated for this population of hunters may be considered to be safe. However, a specific and complete assessment of chromium speciation in relevant dietary and environmental situations should be conducted.

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confidence: 99%

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Danieli

Serrani

Primi

et al. 2012

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…Many of the still unresolved problems of estimating worker chromate exposure for epidemiologic purposes were identified in this early paper (4). It Studies of workers at a chromate production facility in Painesville, Ohio (7,8), and their exposures (9) form the primary data used by EPA (10) in their quantitative risk assessment of exposure to chromium.…”

Section: Chromate-producing Industriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium and disease: review of epidemiologic studies with particular reference to etiologic information provided by measures of exposure.

Lees

1991

Environ Health Perspect

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Dozens of epidemiologic studies have been conducted since the late 1940s in an attempt to elucidate the relationship between exposure to chromium compounds and increased rates of certain cancers observed in several industries. The relationship between employment in industries producing chromium compounds from chromite ore and lung cancer has been well established in numerous studies. The relationship between exposure to certain chromium-based pigments and chromic acid and lung cancer, although not as strong, is fairly well accepted. The data concerning emissions from stainless-steel manufacturing and disease are contradictory. Although individual studies have indicated excesses of gastrointestinal and occasionally other cancers in these industries, results are not consistent and not universally accepted. There is general agreement that chromite ore does not have an associated risk of cancer. Although the chromium compound (or compounds) responsible for disease have yet to be identified, there is general agreement that hexavalent species are responsible for these diseases and that the trivalent species are not. Hypotheses about the carcinogenicity of specific chromium compounds generally relate to their solubility in body fluids. These hypotheses, however, have generally been produced as a result of toxicologic, not epidemiologic, investigation. Well-designed epidemiologic studies incorporating detailed assessments of worker exposures have the potential to help elucidate causality, identify specific carcinogenic compounds, and quantify risk in humans, eliminating the need to extrapolate from animal data. Although the need for exposure data crucial to this effort was identified in the earliest epidemiologic studies of chromium, such studies have not been conducted. As a result, little more is known today about the relationship between this chemical and disease in humans than was known 40 years ago.

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“…In humans chromium compounds produce several types of somatic effects as well as pulmonary cancer in industrial workers occupationally exposed (Machle and Gregorius 1948, Baetjer 1956, Royle 1975. These compounds also induce sister chromatid exchanges in leucocytes in vivo and in vitro (Gomez-Arroyo et al 1981, Stella et al 1982).…”

Section: Saltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic effects of potassium dichromate and chromium trioxide in Drosophila melanogaster.

Rodríguez-Arnáiz

Martínez

1986

CYTOLOGIA

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Cancer of the Respiratory System in the United States Chromate-Producing Industry

Cited by 194 publications

References 0 publications

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Cadmium, Lead, and Chromium in Large Game: A Local-Scale Exposure Assessment for Hunters Consuming Meat and Liver of Wild Boar

Chromium and disease: review of epidemiologic studies with particular reference to etiologic information provided by measures of exposure.

Genetic effects of potassium dichromate and chromium trioxide in Drosophila melanogaster.

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