Cancer Patterns in the Middle East<i>Special Report from the Middle East Cancer Society</i>

Kahan, Ernesto; Ibrahim, Amal Sami; Najjar, Khadeja; Ron, Elaine; Al-Agha, H.; Polliack, Aaron; El-Bolkainy, Mohamed N.

doi:10.3109/02841869709001327

Cited by 42 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In the early years of the study (1980, 1983, and 1990 Despite the significant decline in the relative frequency of bladder cancer in Egypt, a persistent gender disparity with predominance of the disease among males was observed in the data from all cancer centers participating in the study. Our data revealed a 4:1 male to female ratio of bladder cancer cases in all years of the study, which concurs with other major studies from Egypt [11,[26][27][28]. This gender gap might be a reflection of differences in the magnitude of environmental or lifestyle exposures related to bladder cancer etiology, such as schistosomal infection, smoking, and exposure to occupational and agriculture-related chemicals [18,29,30].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The changing patterns of bladder cancer in Egypt over the past 26 years

Felix

Soliman

Khaled

et al. 2008

Cancer Causes Control

141

110

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Objective-To evaluate temporal changes in histopathological types of bladder cancer and to assess associated changes in demographic, epidemiologic, and lifestyle risk factors.Methods-We abstracted data from all available medical records from the National Cancer Institute of Cairo University (NCI-Cairo). Six calendar years representing 5-year periods between 1980 and 2005 were evaluated. Information on demographics, schistosomal infection, clinical symptoms of bladder cancer, and tumor pathology was abstracted.Results-During this 26-year period, important changes in the frequency of histopathological types of bladder cancer occurred. We found a statistically significant association between time period of diagnosis and histopathological type. Patients diagnosed in 2005 had a sixfold higher odds associated with transitional cell carcinoma compared to those patients diagnosed in 1980 (odds ratio (OR) 6.00 (95% CI 4.00-8.97)).Conclusions-These data strongly suggest that the histopathological profile of bladder cancer in Egypt has changed significantly over the past 26 years. Historically, squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant form of bladder cancer in Egypt; however transitional cell carcinoma has become the most frequent type. These results corroborate findings from a few small-scale hospital-based studies which conclude that the etiology of bladder cancer in Egypt has changed significantly over the past 26 years.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The changing patterns of bladder cancer in Egypt over the past 26 years

Felix

Soliman

Khaled

et al. 2008

Cancer Causes Control

141

110

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“…In the Middle East, breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women (2) . Similarly in Iran, breast cancer is the highest in rank among cancers of women and accounts for 21?4 % of all malignancies in females (3) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in normal and breast cancer patients

Moradi

Eftekhari

Talei

et al. 2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The present study was undertaken to compare plasma Se values and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in normal and breast cancer patients. Design: In a case-control study, forty-five breast cancer patients and the same number of healthy women were randomly selected from their population. Se was measured in plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and GPX activity in erythrocytes was measured using a standard spectrophotometric method. Results: Plasma Se concentration in healthy women and breast cancer patients was in the normal range, with no statistically significant difference observed between the two groups (138?40 (SD 40?36) mg/l v. 132?15 (SD 35?37) mg/l, respectively). Erythrocyte GPX activity was significantly (P , 0?01) higher in breast cancer patients (24?81 (SD 11?66) U/g Hb) compared with healthy women (20?29 (SD 4?24) U/g Hb).Conclusion: The present study indicated that Se deficiency was not a problem in the participants, and sufficient quantity of this element could increase GPX activity to have a protective effect against oxidative damage. Keywords Antioxidant Breast cancer Glutathione peroxidase SeleniumBreast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, with 1 million new cases worldwide each year, and comprises 18 % of female cancers (1) . In the Middle East, breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women (2) . Similarly in Iran, breast cancer is the highest in rank among cancers of women and accounts for 21?4 % of all malignancies in females (3) . There is evidence that Se as an essential trace element has anticancer properties (4)(5)(6)(7) . Research spanning the last 35 years has established that Se is effective in the reduction of cancer incidence when provided to animals at non-toxic dose (five to ten times the nutritional requirement) (8,9) . But for researchers conducting studies on Se and cancer prevention, the most exciting news in recent years has been the finding of Clark et al. (10) indicating that the supplementation of freeliving people with selenized brewer's yeast decreases overall cancer morbidity and mortality by nearly 50 %.Epidemiological data have also supported a protective effect of Se in man with regard to the prevention of both prostate cancer (11,12) and lung cancer (13) . The relationship between Se status and the incidence of breast cancer needs to be clarified, however, because one study indicates a protective effect (14) whereas other studies have not shown any protective effect (15)(16)(17)(18) . Cellular oxidative damage is a well-established general mechanism for cell and tissue injury. Oxidative damage to cells is caused primarily by free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Free radicals have the ability to bind to most normal cellular components; they react with unsaturated bonds of membrane lipids, denature proteins and attack nucleic acids. Prime targets of reactive oxygen species are the PUFA in cell membranes, causing lipid peroxidation which may lead to damage of cellular structure and function (19) . Oxidative stress...

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“…In addition to the laboratory data linking schistosomiasis infection with Bilharzial bladder cancer are epidemiological studies, which show that changes in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis are reflected in the changing epidemiology of bladder cancer [25,26]. In the 1970s, bladder cancer is thought to have accounted for about one third of solid cancers in Egypt, making it the most common solid cancer among men in Egypt and second only to breast cancer in women [27].…”

Section: Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful control of schistosomiasis and the changing epidemiology of bladder cancer in Egypt

et al. 2010

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What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? The association between squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder and schistosomal bladder infection is well‐known to most physicians. Less recognized is the remarkable cause and effect relationship between the eradication of schistosomiasis and the subsequent radical decline in squamous cell bladder cancer. Public health initiatives in Egypt have effectively eliminated the most common cause of death in young Egyptian men, and the result is a testament to how basic science, properly applied to public policy, can dramatically improve the health of an entire country. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by flatworms that live in snail‐infested fresh water. It is endemic to 74 countries and affects some 200 million people worldwide, causing an estimated 200 000 deaths annually [1]. Schistosomiasis can affect the gastrointestinal tract and liver (S. mansoni and S. japonicum species), resulting in diarrhoeal disease and hepatic fibrosis, or the urinary tract (S. haematobium) where it causes haematuria, strictures, obstruction, super‐infection and, ultimately, cancer. In children and vulnerable adults, systemic effects such as anaemia, malnutrition, stunted growth and impaired cognition can be profound. The association between this parasitic infestation and the development of bladder cancer literally took millennia to uncover. It is unusual for a parasitic disease to result in a fatal neoplastic process, and rarer still to have public health efforts, aimed at eradication of the parasitic menace, to result in a dramatic shift in the epidemiology of the most common cancer in a nation.

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Cancer Patterns in the Middle EastSpecial Report from the Middle East Cancer Society

Cited by 42 publications

References 2 publications

The changing patterns of bladder cancer in Egypt over the past 26 years

The changing patterns of bladder cancer in Egypt over the past 26 years

A comparative study of selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in normal and breast cancer patients

Successful control of schistosomiasis and the changing epidemiology of bladder cancer in Egypt

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