Cancer Prevention and Screening for Older Adults: Part 1. Lung, Colorectal, Bladder, and Kidney Cancer

Abstract

The incidence of most cancers increases with age. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in older adults after cardiovascular disease. Many common cancers in older adults can be prevented from occurring or can be identified at an early stage and treated effectively. The prevention and identification of cancer in its early stages, in an attempt to reduce discomfort and disability associated with advanced cancer and cancer treatment, is also a priority. Overscreening for cancer in older adults can lead to unnecessary diagnostic testing and unnecessary treatment. Both older adults and their healthcare providers need guidance on the appropriate use of cancer prevention and screening interventions. This first of a two-part review addresses special considerations regarding cancer prevention for adults aged 65 and older. Screening decisions and the impact of limited life expectancy and an older adult's ability to tolerate cancer treatment are also addressed. Guidance is provided regarding the prevention and early identification of lung, colorectal, bladder, and kidney cancer in older adults. The prevention of breast, prostate, and female urogenital cancers are addressed in Part 2.

Utility of the Age Discrepancy between Frailty-Based Biological Age and Expected Life Age in Patients with Urological Cancers

“…Frailty-based biological age = −0.803 × FDS 2 + 12.34 × FDS + 59. 8 We observed a "moderate" association between the chronological ages and FDS (R 2 = 0.332, Figure 2A).…”

“… Study population and design. We developed the FDS in Study 1 (training set) and validated in the utility of FDS in Study 2 (validation set), which were reported in the previous study (*, refs [ 7 , 8 ]). The definition of the expected life age (years) = [ chronological age + life expectancy ].…”

“…In an increasingly aging society, the number of elderly patients with urological cancer is also on the increase [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Thus, there has been a growing interest in measuring the frailty in patients associated with cancers to evaluate the decline in their physical abilities [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Since frailty is related to medical costs and prognosis, there is also an urgent need to establish an effective preventive method.…”

Survey on Mental Health Status and Quality of Life and Correlation among Patients with Permanent Stoma of Colorectal Tumor

“…In recent years, the incidence rate of colorectal can-cer has shown a gradual increasing trend with the improvement of the living standard [13]. Surgery is the cornerstone of various treatments for colorectal cancer, but the surgical trauma is large, and patients suffer great physical and mental pain during perioperative period [14][15][16]. Although the current implementation of neoadjuvant therapy has reduced the recurrence rate of local lesions and increased the possibility of anus preservation, a considerable number of patients still have local recurrence due to the particularity of the physiological and anatomical location of the colorectal part and the lymphatic drainage pathway [17,18].…”

Is It Time to Integrate Frailty Assessment in Onconephrology?

“…Therefore, the basis of pursuing frailty assessment in different settings of onconephrology could be justified from two major dimensions. Firstly, the prevalence of kidney cancer, concurrent cancer with CKD, AKI with cancer, and treatment-associated nephrotoxicities in cancer patients are significantly greater amongst older patients [ 67 , 68 , 69 ]. Older patients with cancer tend to have greater levels of frailty in comparison to individuals without cancer [ 17 ].…”