Cancer preventive and neuroprotective potentials of red hulls, kernels and oleo-gum resins from Pistachio

Abstract

This research was performed to assess cancer prevention and neuroprotective capacities of different parts of Pistachio (Pistachio vera L.). Red hulls, kernels and oleo-gum resins of Pistachio were extracted with methanol-MeOH and distilled water-dH 2 O, and subjected to in vitro biological assays varying from 100 to 1000 μg mL −1 concentrations. Their anticancer activities were evaluated against A549, MCF-7, and HeLa human cancer cells. Neuroprotective activities of the extracts were tested through enzyme inhibition on AChE, BChE, and TYR, which are closely related to pathogenesis of neurobiological disorders, particularly Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Due to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with oxidative damage, the extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activities. With respect to free radical scavenging activities of the extracts, red hull extracts were found as the most potent ones both DPPH (67.95±1.13 to 80.55±0.12%) and ABTS (86.92±0.10 to 92.04±1.06%) radicals. The highest anticancer activity were determined in MeOH and dH 2 O extracts obtained from oleo-gum resin against HeLa cells (IC 50 = 18.50±0.85 and 28.97±0.08 µg mL-1 , p< 0.01, respectively), whilst dH 2 O-kernel extract was found to have the weakest anticancer activity towards A549 cells (IC 50 = 268.66±1.02 µg mL-1 , p< 0.01). Neuroprotective potentials on AChE and BChE enzymes were resulted in the superiority of dH 2 O-red hull extract was exerted the highest inhibition on AChE and BChE enzymes with 81.50±0.08 and 62.96±1.01% inhibition, respectively. However, dH 2 O extract from oleo-gum resin showed the highest inhibitory effect on TYR enzyme (58.16±0.18% inhibition). P. vera is of valuable nutritional source for human diet. Other than kernel parts used as food, waste parts like red hulls and oleo-gum resins have been proven as a potential pharmacological source. Consequently, this study reveals that non-food parts of Pistachio could be valuable source for pharmaceutical industry.

Enzyme inhibitors as controllers of neurodegenerative diseases: An update of in vitro effects of medicinal plants

“…Additionaly, Yener (2020) showed that ethanolic extract of Salvia poculata roots has stronger AChE and BChE inhibition activity in comparison with other studied plant parts, and also compared to galanthamine. In a study involving different plant parts of several Ferulago species, the root extracts demonstrated the strongest inhibition potential towards AChE and BChE, containing the highest content of certain phenolic compounds (Karakaya et al, 2018;2019b). Similar findings were obtained for Hypericum perforatum (Tusevski et al, 2018), Filago germanica (Saleem et al, 2019c), Euphorbia milii (Saleem et al, 2019c), Potentilla spp.…”

“…According to the reviewed literature, many papers present results obtained for plants collected in Turkey (Bozkurt et al, 2021;Deveci et al, 2018;2019;Emir and Emir, 2021;Karakaya et al, 2020;2019a;2018;2019b;c;Orhan et al, 2019;Ozkan et al, 2018b;a;Saleem et al, 2020c;2019b;2019a;2021;Sarikurkcu and Zengin, 2020;Sut et al, 2019b;a;Uysal et al, 2019a;c;2019b;2021;Yilmaz et al, 2018;Zengin et al, 2018a;2019a;c;c;d;2019d;2018e;2019f;2018f;2019h;2021;2019i;2018g;2019j;2018h;2019k;l;2018i). Turkey has unique geomorphology, topography, climate due to its position at the intersection of three phytogeographical regions (Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian), which makes it a biodiversity hotspot with 12000 plant taxa, among which is 32 % endemic (Zengin et al, 2018b).…”

Nuts as Dietary Source of Fatty Acids and Micro Nutrients in Human Health

“…It is also suggested that the apoptosis induction and angiogenesis potential of pistachio hull extract makes it a suitable product for further cancer research. In a similar kind of study, pistachio extracts exhibited noteworthy cytotoxic potentials against adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A-549), MCF-7, and HeLa human cancer cells, compared to HUVEC control cells [113]. It is also reported that the parts of pistachio known as waste parts such as hulls and oleo-gum resins were found to possess higher cancer prevention potentials, compared to those of the part consumed as food such kernels.…”

Potential anti-oxidative properties and quality characteristics of korean traditional rice cake added with pistachio (pistacia vera l.) as inner beauty material

“…The experimental results of ABTS and DPPH methods are shown in Table 3.The antioxidant ef-fect measured The antioxidant activity of pistachio extract was analyzed as it was associated with oxidative damage in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Regarding the active oxygen scavenging activity of the extract, the DPPH (67.95 ± 1.13 ~ 80.55 ± 0.12%) and ABTS (86.92 ± 0.10 ~ 92.04 ± 1.06 %) of the pistachio red peel extract were found to have significantly higher levels and were found to have a strong effect (Gezici, 2019). In addition, a study of antioxidants in wheat bread using the nuts walnuts and hazelnuts found that polyphenols, flavonoids and ABTS levels increased with increasing amounts added (Pycia and Ivanišová, 2020).…”