Cancer Progress and Priorities: Breast Cancer

Abstract

DCIS) is more common than lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and while both are considered risk factors for invasive breast cancer, LCIS is not considered to be a lesion capable of becoming malignant [19,20]. However, the etiology and natural history of in situ tumors is not well known.Invasive breast cancer is classified by histology, to guide clinical treatment, into invasive ductal (70-80% of breast cancer), invasive lobular (5-15% of breast cancer), and other less common types such as papillary tumors [17,19]. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) guide the use of targeted therapies. The use of other tests such as gene array profiling or other IHC markers are not as commonly used clinically [17,[21][22][23]. Several main intrinsic molecular subtypes have been identified using gene micro-arrays: Luminal A, Luminal B, Basal Like, and Normal Like [17,[24][25][26]. Further classifications of primarily triple negative tumors have identified the Claudin-low subtype and six triple-negative molecular subtypes [27,28]. Several gene panels (e.g., PAM50) have been developed as less expensive options with a similar ability to classify tumors into molecular subtypes [17,29,30]. In 2013, the St. Gallen consensus agreed on surrogate definitions of the intrinsic subtypes that could be approximated by IHC staining of ER, PR, and HER2 as well as grade and proliferation [31] (Table 1), though several studies have noted that the agreement may be low [18,32]. Disparities in the United StatesPrior to age 40, US Black women have the highest breast cancer incidence rates, after which rates are highest among White women (Figure 2). American Indian/ Alaska Native women have the lowest rates until age 74. Asian/ Pacific Islander women have similar incidence rates as White and Black women until age 45, after which they have the lowest incidence rates. Black women have the highest mortality rates at all ages followed by White women (e.g., 68.2 per 100,000 in Blacks vs 46.5 per 100,000 in Whites at age 60-64). Mortality rates for American Indian/ Alaska Native and Asian/ Pacific Islander women are similar until about age 60, at which point Asian/ Pacific Islander women have the lowest mortality rates (e.g., 30.0 per 100,000 in Asian/ Pacific Islander vs 33.2 per 100,000 in American Indian/ Alaska Native at age 60-64).While breast cancer incidence rates have either declined or remained stable since the early 2000s among White women, incidence rates among Black women have continued to increase (Figure 3) [33]. In 2016, the age-standardized incidence rate was 128.2 per 100,000 among Black women versus 132.7 per 100,000 among White women [4]. While incidence rates are lower, Black women experience higher breast cancer mortality than White women; further, that gap has continued to widen even as survival has increased overall (Figure 3) [33]. The 2016 age-standardized mortality rate was 27.3 per 100,000 Black women versus 19.6 per 100,00...

Energy metabolism pathways in breast cancer progression: The reprogramming, crosstalk, and potential therapeutic targets

“…Gene expression profiling brings a considerable impact on our understanding of the biologic heterogeneity of BC and enables us to extensively characterize 4 molecular subtypes of BC (luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple-negative BC (TNBC)) [1] . BC incidence varies widely from 27/100,0002 (Central-East Asia and Africa) to 85–94/100,0002 (Australia, North America, and Western Europe) [2] . Both genetic and metabolic features were characterized in BC, and enzyme-associated energy metabolism participated in the tumor cell progression, with the regulation of multiple signaling pathways [3] .…”

Risk Factors for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Caused by Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel in Advanced Breast Cancer

“…BC survival rates have increased, and the number of deaths associated with this disease has been steadily declining, primarily due to different factors such as earlier detection and a better understanding of the disease [ 2 ]. BC is an extremely heterogeneous disease composed of multiple unique histologic subtypes that harbor distinct molecular signatures [ 3 ]. BC has been classified into distinct histological groups, with the two most common subtypes being invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) [ 4 ].…”

A Washing-Free and Easy-to-Operate Fluorescent Biosensor for Highly Efficient Detection of Breast Cancer-Derived Exosomes

“…Breast cancer has been the number one killer of women’s health in recent years ( Jordan, 2020 ; Houghton and Hankinson, 2021 ). Diagnosis of tumors usually relies on tissue biopsy in clinical, which requires very complex operation and may cause great harm to patients.…”