The past decade has seen many important advances in medical care. However, this era of clinical progress has coincided with a period of slow economic growth, which has limited the finances for expanding healthcare in many countries.In the UK, this growing financial was recognised in the 2009 National Health Service (NHS) Chief Executive's report, which described a plan, now termed the 'Nicholson Challenge', to use NHS efficiency savings to meet rising demand [1]. This plan was further developed in the 2010e2011 Health Committee Report [2], which shared the aim 'to meet rising demand and improve the quality of services without a corresponding increase in funding'. Although difficulties in delivering the planned efficiencybased savings are apparent [3], it is also of value to review the scale of the financial challenges that result from recent medical progress.