Cancer Risk Assessment, Indicators, and Guidelines for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air

Boström, Carl-Elis; Gerde, Per; Hanberg, Annika; Jernström, Bengt; Johansson, Christer; Kyrklund, Titus; Rannug, Agneta; Törnqvist, Margareta; Victorin, Katarina; Westerholm, Roger

doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s3451

Cited by 875 publications

(487 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…15 There is a possibility that 'poi-sute' cigarette butts diffuse into the environment and cause adverse effects on living organisms. The average of loading dose of total PAHs by 'poi-sute' cigarette butts was 0.032 mg/km/month.…”

Section: Elution and Loading Dose Of Pollutants In 'Poi-sute' Cigaretmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste on the roadside, ‘poi-sute’ waste: Its distribution and elution potential of pollutants into environment

2009

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Section: Elution and Loading Dose Of Pollutants In 'Poi-sute' Cigaretmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste on the roadside, ‘poi-sute’ waste: Its distribution and elution potential of pollutants into environment

2009

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“…Although gasoline-powered vehicles with effective catalytic converters are generally not significant sources of particulate matter, vehicles that burn oil or run fuel-rich can have very high particle emissions. Visibly smoking vehicles, which are plentiful in the MCMA, can have particulate emission rates comparable to those of diesel-powered vehicles (26)(27)(28)(29), and PAH emission factors are up to 20 times higher for gasoline-powered vehicles without catalytic converters (30). Tunnel studies have shown that heavy-duty diesel trucks have higher emission factors of the four-ring PAHs but that light-duty gasoline-powered vehicles dominate emissions of the five-and six-ring PAHs (31).…”

Section: Pah Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Marr

Grogan

Wöhrnschimmel

et al. 2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

114

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Surface properties of aerosols in the Mexico City metropolitan area have been measured in a variety of exposure scenarios related to vehicle emissions in 2002, using continuous, real-time instruments. The objective of these experiments is to describe ambient and occupational particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations associated with vehicular traffic and facilities using diesel vehicles. Median total particulate PAH concentrations along Mexico City's roadways range from 60 to 910 ng m −3 , averaged over a minimum of 1 h. These levels are approximately 5 times higher than concentrations measured in the United States and among the highest measured ambient values reported in the literature. The ratio of particulate PAH concentration to aerosol active surface area is much higher along roadways and in other areas of fresh vehicle emissions, compared to ratios measured at sites influenced more by aged emissions or noncombustion sources. For particles freshly emitted by vehicles, PAH and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations are correlated because they both originate during the combustion process. Comparison of PAH versus EC and active surface area concentrations at different locations suggests that surface PAH concentrations may diminish with particle aging. These results indicate that exposure to vehicle-related PAH emissions on Mexico City's roadways may present an important public health risk.

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“…Exposure to PAHs increases the risk of cancer in humans. In animal experiments, PAHs have also given raise to immunologic and reproductive effects (Boström et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Finland, residential combustion, of which wood combustion has a very large share, was estimated to cause 64% (11 tons/year) of the total emission of four PAHs (benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) in 2003 (Koskinen et al 2005). In Sweden it was estimated that RWC produces about 60% of the PAH-emissions 443 (about 100 tons/year with a minor contribution from oil heating) whereas the share of transport and working machinery was about 30% (Boström et al 2002). In the United States, RWC has been evaluated to produce 33% (8860 tons/year) (US Environmental Protection Agency 1998) of the total emission of 16 US-EPA PAHs (US Environmental Protection Agency 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas–Particle Distribution of PAHs in Wood Combustion Emission Determined with Annular Denuders, Filter, and Polyurethane Foam Adsorbent

Hytönen

Yli‐Pirilä

Tissari

et al. 2009

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Equipment consisting of annular denuders, a filter, and a polyurethane foam adsorbent was used for sampling 15 PAHs from the diluted emission from a heat-storing masonry heater. The denuder method was compared to the ISO 11338 method which was used for the sampling from hot and undiluted exhaust gas. The denuder method used with the exhaust dilution gave a realistic gas-particle distribution of PAHs in more atmospheric-like conditions compared to the sampling from undiluted exhaust gas where PAHs were almost totally in the gas phase. The results gained with the denuder method from the diluted exhaust are more relevant, e.g., from exposure and atmospheric processes point of view. The emissions from smoldering combustion conditions (SC) were compared with the emissions from normal combustion conditions (NC). The emission of each PAH was 7 to 14 times higher from SC than from NC, and the gas-particle distribution was shifted towards the particle phase due to increased condensation of PAHs. The PAHs could be divided into three groups based on their phase distributions. In the first group, PAHs existed mostly in the gas phase in both combustion cases; the vapor pressures of PAHs were lower than the saturation vapor pressures. In the second group, the gas phase was saturated and the concentration was almost the same in both combustion cases, whereas the particle phase concentration was higher in SC. In the third group, PAHs were

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Cancer Risk Assessment, Indicators, and Guidelines for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air

Cited by 875 publications

References 147 publications

Waste on the roadside, ‘poi-sute’ waste: Its distribution and elution potential of pollutants into environment

Waste on the roadside, ‘poi-sute’ waste: Its distribution and elution potential of pollutants into environment

Vehicle Traffic as a Source of Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

Gas–Particle Distribution of PAHs in Wood Combustion Emission Determined with Annular Denuders, Filter, and Polyurethane Foam Adsorbent

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