Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis: Implication for Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a disease of genomic instability, evasion of immune cells, and adaptation of the tumor cells to the changing environment. Genetic heterogeneity caused by tumors and tumor microenvironmental factors forms the basis of aggressive behavior of some cancer cell populations.CONTENT: Cancers arise in self-renewing cell populations and that the resulting cancers, like their normal organ counterparts, are composed of hierarchically organized cell populations. Self – renewing “cancer stem cells” (CSC) maintain tumor growth and generate the diverse populations constituting the tumor bulk. CSCs in multiple tumor types have been demonstrated to be relatively resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. The clinical relevance of these studies has been supported by neoadjuvant breast cancer trials that demonstrated increases in the proportions of CSCs after therapy. The CSC hypothesis has tremendously important clinical implications.SUMMARY: In summary, a large and accumulating body of evidence supports the CSC hypothesis, which has important implications for cancer prevention and therapy. The ultimate test of this hypothesis will require clinical trials demonstrating that targeting of these pathways reduces cancer incidence and improves outcomes for patients with cancer.KEYWORDS: Somatic mutation, tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, CSC niche

High Keratin Secretion of T47D Cell under Hypoxic Condition

“…(6) Identification of hypoxia biomarker in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) revealed that secretion of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) reached the highest level at 96 hours hypoxic condition. (7,8) Identification of candidate biomarker secreted protein released by cancer cells using mass spectrophotometry already used in human endometrial cancer, cervical cancer cells (9,10), lung cancer (11), head and neck cancer (12), colorectal cancer (13,14), and many more. Meanwhile, secretome analysis of previous in vitro study in the hypoxic cancer secretome from MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell analysis revealed that high expression of lysyl oxidase in breast cancer may contribute to osteolytic lesion formation.…”

Association of AID and MUM1 by Immunohistochemistry in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

“…(1,3,4) Somatic mutations could be viewed as one explanation of cancer, in which such defect accumulation may later transform the normal characteristic of cells into malignant phenotypes. (5) It has been known that several mutations of DLBCL were associated with the mechanism of class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) which is expressed by the aicda gene is an important enzyme for both two physiological processes.…”