Cancer testis antigen XAGE-1 is a promising marker for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer

Abstract

Cancer testis antigens have been discovered in various cancers, and several studies have suggested that since they exhibit such distinct patterns of expression, these antigens might be attractive targets for cancer detection and immunotherapy. Our work attempted to clarify the function played by cancer-testis antigens in ovarian cancers, notably in the XAGE1 gene. The investigation was conducted on 74 tissue samples from newly diagnosed patients with ovarian cancer. The control group included twenty-eight benign ovarian tumors. The expression of XAGE1 mRNA was assessed using RT-PCR. Compared to benign tumors, cancer samples exhibited higher levels of XAGE1 gene expression, which was statistically significant (P0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between menopausal status and family history. Gene expression was substantially connected with age groups as the higher level of gene expression in patients 50–74 years of age (P 0.01) was seen. Mucinous tumors exhibited significant correlations (P0.01) across histopathological tumor types. In correlation with tumor stages, stage III was substantially linked compared to stage I (P0.01). In conclusion, we referred to the potential to use XAGE1 to discriminate malignant ovarian tumors as a diagnostic biomarker. The connection of high XAGE 1 level with advanced ovarian cancer stages has also been established, supporting XAGE 1’s proposed role in poor prognosis. Finally, finding the specific involvement of this gene in ovarian cancer and other kinds of malignancies may require further investigations.

The potential value of cancer‐testis antigens in ovarian cancer: Prognostic markers and targets for immunotherapy

“…Subsequently, we found that the expression of OY‐TES‐1 protein in ovarian cancer was 81%, the positive rate of epithelial ovarian cancer was 66.4% (71/107), and the positive rate of nonepithelial ovarian cancer was 14.9% (16/107) 34 . Other studies showed that the expression of XAGE1 (CT12 family) in ovarian cancer was higher than that in benign ovarian tumor (least signifcant difference = 2.319) and was correlated with stage and pathological type 86 . A report showed high frequency of SPAG9 (CT89) mRNA in serous carcinoma (88%), mucinous carcinoma (100%), and transparent carcinoma (100%), respectively.…”

“…34 Other studies showed that the expression of XAGE1 (CT12 family) in ovarian cancer was higher than that in benign ovarian tumor (least signifcant difference = 2.319) and was correlated with stage and pathological type. 86 A report showed high frequency of SPAG9 (CT89) mRNA in serous carcinoma (88%), mucinous carcinoma (100%), and transparent carcinoma (100%), respectively. Its protein expression had a high frequency (90%).…”

“…In addition, a panel of CTAs (SP17, GAGE, and XAGE-1D) was inversely associated with progression-free survival in patients with ovarian cancer. 43,77,86 PIWI proteins are upregulated in stage III epithelial ovarian cancer and associated with lymph node metastasis. 67 CT45 and AKAP3 are often highly expressed in advanced and highgrade ovarian cancer and affect the overall survival and disease-free survival of patients as independent prognostic factors of epithelial ovarian cancer.…”

“…By detecting the expression levels of BAGE, MAGE‐A1, MAGE‐A3, and GAGE1/‐2 in the ascites of patients with ovarian cancer, Hofmann et al 42 found that the sensitivity of the combined diagnosis of the four markers was 94% compared with cell morphology alone. In addition, a panel of CTAs (SP17, GAGE, and XAGE‐1D) was inversely associated with progression‐free survival in patients with ovarian cancer 43,77,86 . PIWI proteins are upregulated in stage III epithelial ovarian cancer and associated with lymph node metastasis 67 .…”