Cancer Vaccines: Antigen Selection Strategy

Zhao, Yue; Baldin, Alexey V.; Isayev, Orkhan; Werner, Jens; Zamyatnin, Andrey A.; Bazhin, Alexandr V.

doi:10.3390/vaccines9020085

Cited by 48 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…Antigens can be tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) or neoepitopes. 59 60 TSAs are specific only for tumors. However, many cancers have developed resistance mechanisms to eliminate TSA expression in order to remain hidden from immune surveillance, for example, by downregulating the expression of TSAs and thereby eliminating antigen presentation.…”

Section: Hallmarks Of Immunogenic Cell Death (Icd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are mainly proteins that are normally expressed only during embryogenesis or in immune privileged areas such as the brain or gonads. 59 61 Therefore, TAAs are less suitable for ICD-based therapies as the immune cells do not have sufficient specificity for the cancer. On the other hand, neoepitopes arise from mutations in cancer cells and are therefore specific for the tumor.…”

Section: Hallmarks Of Immunogenic Cell Death (Icd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immunogenic ferroptosis and where to find it?

Demuynck

Efimova

Naessens

et al. 2021

J Immunother Cancer

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Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated cell death that is morphologically, genetically, and biochemically distinct from apoptosis and necroptosis, and its potential use in anticancer therapy is emerging. The strong immunogenicity of (early) ferroptotic cancer cells broadens the current concept of immunogenic cell death and opens up new possibilities for cancer treatment. In particular, induction of immunogenic ferroptosis could be beneficial for patients with cancers resistant to apoptosis and necroptosis. However, ferroptotic cancer cells may be a rich source of oxidized lipids, which contribute to decreased phagocytosis and antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells and thus may favor tumor evasion. This could explain the non-immunogenicity of late ferroptotic cells. Besides the presence of lactate in the tumor microenvironment, acidification and hypoxia are essential factors promoting ferroptosis resistance and affecting its immunogenicity. Here, we critically discuss the crucial mediators controlling the immunogenicity of ferroptosis that modulate the induction of antitumor immunity. We emphasize that it will be necessary to also identify the tolerogenic (ie, immunosuppressive) nature of ferroptosis, which can lead to tumor evasion.

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Section: Hallmarks Of Immunogenic Cell Death (Icd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hallmarks Of Immunogenic Cell Death (Icd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenic ferroptosis and where to find it?

Demuynck

Efimova

Naessens

et al. 2021

J Immunother Cancer

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show abstract

“…The selection of antigens is a key issue in the establishment and development of cancer vaccines. Various features of antigens, like their immunogenicity and avidity, impact the efficiency of cancer vaccines [171]. The choice of antigen is critical during the design of cancer vaccines to better train and bolster the immune systems of hosts to fight against cancer and eventually eliminate malignant cells.…”

Section: Clinical Trials Of In Vitro Transcription Mrna Vaccines In Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once these antigens are move beyond the testis, a robust immune response against them is aroused. This biological feature endows cancer-germline antigens great potential for use in vaccine design [171,194]. In Wilgenhof's trial, a specific MAGE-A3 and MAGE-C2 immune response was demonstrated in the postvaccination period in 7 and 10 out of 21 patients, respectively.…”

Section: Mrna Vaccines In Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

mRNA-Based Cancer Vaccines: A Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Melanoma Patients

et al. 2021

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Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer and the leading cause of death from skin tumors. Given the increased incidence of melanoma diagnoses in recent years, it is essential to develop effective treatments to control this disease. In this regard, the use of cancer vaccines to enhance cell-mediated immunity is considered to be one of the most modern immunotherapy options for cancer treatment. The most recent cancer vaccine options are mRNA vaccines, with a focus on their usage as modern treatments. Advantages of mRNA cancer vaccines include their rapid production and low manufacturing costs. mRNA-based vaccines are also able to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition to the many advantages of mRNA vaccines for the treatment of cancer, their use is associated with a number of challenges. For this reason, before mRNA vaccines can be used for the treatment of cancer, comprehensive information about them is required and a large number of trials need to be conducted. Here, we reviewed the general features of mRNA vaccines, including their basis, stabilization, and delivery methods. We also covered clinical trials involving the use of mRNA vaccines in melanoma cancer and the challenges involved with this type of treatment. This review also emphasized the combination of treatment with mRNA vaccines with the use of immune-checkpoint blockers to enhance cell-mediated immunity.

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“…As discussed above, altered metabolism is essential in hematologic malignancies to overcome survival stress and adjust to the diverse microenvironment. Thus, therapy against leukemias by targeting reprogramming metabolic molecules seems to be an ideal option to struggle against hematological malignancies and the selection of specific biomarkers is critical in the development of targeted therapeutic agents ( 171 ). Recently, researchers are dedicated to identifying novel metabolism-targeting drugs.…”

Section: Exploiting Of Metabolism Targeting Treatments In Leukemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Cellular Metabolic Pathways in Pathogenesis and Selective Treatments of Hematological Malignancies

et al. 2021

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Despite recent advancements in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and the emergence of newer and more sophisticated therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy, long-term overall survival remains unsatisfactory. Metabolic alteration, as an important hallmark of cancer cells, not only contributes to the malignant transformation of cells, but also promotes tumor progression and metastasis. As an immune-escape mechanism, the metabolic adaptation of the bone marrow microenvironment and leukemic cells is a major player in the suppression of anti-leukemia immune responses. Therefore, metabolic rewiring in leukemia would provide promising opportunities for newer therapeutic interventions. Several therapeutic agents which affect essential bioenergetic pathways in cancer cells including glycolysis, β-oxidation of fatty acids and Krebs cycle, or anabolic pathways such as lipid biosynthesis and pentose phosphate pathway, are being tested in various types of cancers. So far, numerous preclinical or clinical trial studies using such metabolic agents alone or in combination with other remedies such as immunotherapy are in progress and have demonstrated promising outcomes. In this review, we aim to argue the importance of metabolic alterations and bioenergetic pathways in different types of leukemia and their vital roles in disease development. Designing treatments based on targeting leukemic cells vulnerabilities, particularly in nonresponsive leukemia patients, should be warranted.

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Cancer Vaccines: Antigen Selection Strategy

Cited by 48 publications

References 178 publications

Immunogenic ferroptosis and where to find it?

Immunogenic ferroptosis and where to find it?

mRNA-Based Cancer Vaccines: A Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Melanoma Patients

The Importance of Cellular Metabolic Pathways in Pathogenesis and Selective Treatments of Hematological Malignancies

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