Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm frenemies: When the relationship sours

Alshanta, Om Alkhir; Albashaireh, Khawlah; McKloud, Emily; Delaney, Christopher; Kean, Ryan; McLean, William; Ramage, Gordon

doi:10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100072

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…albicans results in a decrease in pH that correlates with the inhibition of hyphal formation of C . albicans , suppressing its virulence (Alshanta et al., 2022). However, the interaction of these microorganisms may vary in different environments, such as root canals or the gut, and is a dynamic process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study

Macedo,

Soares,

Marceliano‐Alves

et al. 2024

Int Endodontic J

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AimTo evaluate the influence of different preparation tapers on the reduction in planktonic bacteria and biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the apical third (4 mm) of the mesial roots of mandibular molars, correlating decontamination with canal shape.MethodologyAfter microtomography analysis for morphological standardization of the canals, 48 mandibular molar roots, each containing two canals (96 canals), were contaminated with E. faecalis and C. albicans and divided into four groups (n = 11) for canal instrumentation using ProDesign Logic 2 files with different tapers G (.03): # 25.03; G (.04): # 25.04; G (.05): # 25.05; and G (.06): # 25.06 and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Four roots were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to qualitatively assess biofilm formation. Eight roots were used as the negative control group (samples were not contaminated). Bacteriological samples were taken exclusively from the apical third of the roots before and after chemical–mechanical preparation and bacterial counts were determined (CFU/mL). The final micro‐CT scan was used to quantify the volume variation and unprepared canal area in the apical third. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis, Student–Newman–Keuls and Wilcoxon tests for analysis of microbiological data. anova and the Tukey or Games–Howell test were used for analysis of micro‐CT data and Spearman's test for correlations (α = 5%).ResultsAll groups showed a significant reduction in bacteria (p < .05), with no statistically significant difference between groups. There was no significant difference in per cent volume increase between groups. The unprepared area (Δ%) was affected by the file used (p = .026) and was significantly lower for G (.06) compared to G (.03). There was no statistically significant correlation among bacterial reduction, volume and unprepared area (p > .05).ConclusionThe different preparation tapers influenced root canal shaping in the apical third but did not improve decontamination in this region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study

Macedo,

Soares,

Marceliano‐Alves

et al. 2024

Int Endodontic J

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“…In mice receiving chemotherapy, infection with C. albicans promoted overgrowth of enterococci (58). However, E. faecalis can interfere with hyphae production, biofilm formation, and virulence of C. albicans through production of the EntV bacteriocin and low pH (59, 60). Therefore, it is unknown what the outcome of a tripartite interaction between S. mutans , E. faecalis , and C. albicans would be within the context of the oral cavity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus mutansinhibits the growth ofEnterococcusvia the non-ribosomal cyclic peptide mutanobactin

Robertson,

Willett

2023

Preprint

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Enterococcus faecalisis a Gram-positive commensal bacterium in the gastrointestinal tract and an opportunistic pathogen. Enterococci are a leading cause of nosocomial infections, treatment of which is complicated by intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Additionally,E. faecalishas been associated with various oral diseases, and it is frequently implicated in the failure of endodontic treatment. For establishment and persistence in a microbial community,E. faecalismust successfully compete against other bacteria. Streptococcal species play an important role in the establishment of the oral microbiome and co-exist withEnterococcusin the small intestine, yet the nature of interactions betweenE. faecalisand oral streptococci remains unclear. Here, we describe a mechanism by whichStreptococcus mutansinhibits the growth ofE. faecalisand other Gram-positive pathogens through the production of mutanobactin, a cyclic lipopeptide. Mutanobactin is produced by a polyketide synthase–nonribosomal peptide synthetase hybrid system encoded by themublocus. Mutanobactin-producingS. mutansinhibits planktonic and biofilm growth ofE. faecalisand is also active against otherEnterococcusspecies andStaphylococcus aureus. Mutanobactin damages the cell envelope ofE. faecalis, similar to other lipopeptide antibiotics like daptomycin.E. faecalisresistance to mutanobactin is mediated by the virulence factor gelatinase, a secreted metalloprotease. Our results highlight the anti-biofilm potential of the microbial natural product mutanobactin, provide insight into howE. faecalisinteracts with other organisms in the human microbiome, and demonstrate the importance of studyingE. faecalisdynamics within polymicrobial communities.SignificanceEntercoccus faecalisis a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, treatment of which is complicated by virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. Here, we demonstrate the antibiotic and anti-biofilm activity of mutanobactin, a cyclic lipopeptide produced byStreptococcus mutans, againstEnterococcusandStaphylococcusspp., including vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Similar to other lipopeptides, mutanobactin damages the bacterial cell envelope.E. faecalismay overcome antagonism from mutanobactin through production of gelatinase, a secreted protease and prevalent virulence factor. Our results demonstrate the antibiotic and anti-biofilm potential of mutanobactin and highlight the role of bacterial proteases in resistance to bacteria- and host-derived antimicrobial compounds.

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“…19 Additionally, both strains are often found to be resistant to pharmacological treatment. 20 One of the current endodontic irrigants is QMix which contains EDTA, chlorhexidine and detergent. Although its pH is slightly alkaline, we used it in our study because it has the antimicrobial properties of chlorhexidine along with the smear-layer removal properties of EDTA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Effects of Er:YAG Laser, Sodium Hypochlorite, and QMix on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans

Dragidella,

Kameri

2023

J Lasers Med Sci

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Introduction: During endodontic treatment, the smear layer can reduce disinfectant efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Er:YAG laser radiation and its combination with NaOCl and QMix against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans and their comparison with conventional irrigation with only NaOCl and QMix. Methods: Two hundred extracted single-rooted teeth after root canal preparation were divided into two groups and inoculated with E. faecalis and C. albicans. According to the treatment method, all samples were divided into five treatment groups: (1) Er:YAG laser, (2) NaOCl, (3) QMix, (4) Er:YAG laser plus NaOCl, and (5) Er:YAG laser plus QMix. After 24 hours of agar plate cultivation, cell viability was recorded with a flow cytometer. Results: All treatment modalities showed efficiency in the reduction of microbial cells. For laser treatment alone after exposure for 90 seconds, significantly fewer non-death cells were seen, compared to 30-second treatment. For both timings (30 and 90 seconds), irrigation with NaOCl or QMix after laser application resulted in significantly fewer vital cells of E. faecalis and C. albicans, compared with laser treatment alone (P<0.001). The samples treated with only NaOCl showed a significantly higher percentage of vital E. faecalis and Candida albicans cells, compared to the samples treated with only QMix (P<0.001). Conclusion: Higher Er: YAG laser exposure time (90 seconds) after its combination with QMix and NaOCl improves the efficacy in the reduction of E. faecalis and C. albicans from the root canal, compared to 30-second laser exposure time and conventional irrigation methods with NaOCl and QMix.

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Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis biofilm frenemies: When the relationship sours

Cited by 14 publications

References 76 publications

The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study

The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study

Streptococcus mutansinhibits the growth ofEnterococcusvia the non-ribosomal cyclic peptide mutanobactin

Comparative Effects of Er:YAG Laser, Sodium Hypochlorite, and QMix on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans

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