Candida auris: a Review of the Literature

Jeffery-Smith, Anna; Taori, Surabhi; Schelenz, Silke; Jeffery, Katie; Johnson, Elizabeth; Borman, Andrew M.; Manuel, Rohini; Brown, Colin S

doi:10.1128/cmr.00029-17

Cited by 453 publications

(540 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(198 reference statements)

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“…It is also possible that some of the reported isolates of C. haemulonii are misidentified as C. auris . It has been suggested that chromogenic agar is a low-cost method to differentiate between C. auris and C. haemulonii isolates 5. Molecular techniques are recommended to identify C. auris to the species level.…”

Section: Identification and Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molecular techniques are recommended to identify C. auris to the species level. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation–time of flight mass spectrometry is capable of providing an accurate identification to the species level once spectra for C. auris are present in its database 5. The development of C. auris- specific PCR assays allows for rapid identification and are of particular use during outbreak settings 5.…”

Section: Identification and Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation–time of flight mass spectrometry is capable of providing an accurate identification to the species level once spectra for C. auris are present in its database 5. The development of C. auris- specific PCR assays allows for rapid identification and are of particular use during outbreak settings 5. Sequencing of genetic loci and internal transcribed spacer domains of the rRNA provides the ability to differentiate between geographic clades 5 21.…”

Section: Identification and Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the paediatric population, micafungin and caspofungin can be used while awaiting susceptibility testing results 33 34. Depending on the site of infection, alternative choices might be considered 5 28 33 34. Echinocandins have limited penetration in the cerebrospinal fluid and urine, and therefore other antifungal compounds should be used to treat central nervous system or renal tract infections 35.…”

Section: Clinical Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 8 10 11 13 C. haemulonii complex species are less frequently detected than C. auris, although inaccuracies with the molecular identification of less common Candida species prevents a robust insight into these infections. 5 It is also possible that some of the reported isolates of C. haemulonii are misidentified as C. auris. It has been suggested that chromogenic agar is a low-cost method to differentiate between C. auris and C. haemulonii isolates.…”

Section: Identification and Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Candida auris, what do paediatricians need to know?

Warris

2018

Arch Dis Child

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The newly recognised and emerging fungal species, Candida auris, has caused worldwide invasive infections and has been implicated in difficult to control hospital outbreaks. Challenges are encountered in the correct identification of this fungus as commonly used phenotypic and biochemical methods fail to differentiate C. auris from other Candida species. Its resistance profile, over 90% of isolates are fluconazole resistant and 35% are resistant to amphotericin, confronts clinicians with the restricted arsenal of antifungals and concerns about optimal treatment. The very first C. auris isolate was recovered from a paediatric patient in retrospect. Although infections with the more antifungal-resistant Candida species are less frequently observed in paediatric patients, this seems to be different for C. auris infections.

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Section: Identification and Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identification and Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identification and Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identification and Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Candida auris, what do paediatricians need to know?

Warris

2018

Arch Dis Child

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What Is Known AboutCandida auris

Bradley

2019

JAMA

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Candida auris is a new species that was reported in Asia as a rare cause of ear infections in 2009; it had not been found among large repositories of yeast isolates collected prior to 2013. 1,2 However, the widespread dissemination of C auris is not due to a single strain. For reasons that are not clear, multiple strains, called clades, have emerged independently in various parts of the world. 1,2 Cases of C auris have been identified in 33 countries across 5 continents. [1][2][3] In the United States, 725 confirmed and 30 probable cases of C auris infection have been reported as of June 30, 2019, and 1474 patients have been found to be colonized with C auris as of July 12, 2019. 3 Most cases have been found in hospitals and nursing homes in New York City, New Jersey, and Chicago; sporadic cases have been reported in 9 other states. The outbreaks in the New York metropolitan area have involved 4 different clades, suggesting that the strains were introduced by patients from other countries seeking medical care. 3 However, once introduced into a facility, transmission of single C auris strains is efficiently spread from patient to patient. 1,3 Although most yeast infections result from overgrowth of endogenous flora, C auris acquisition appears to be exogenous. 1 The environment appears to be the major reservoir of C auris leading to contamination of health care professionals' hands and clothing and spreading via direct contact with patients. [2][3][4] Virulence mechanisms, such as biofilm formation, may allow C auris to remain viable on plastic devices for up to 14 days and on moist surfaces for up to 7. 2,3 The increasing use of antifungal drugs or agricultural fungicides might have played a role in the selection and emergence of C auris. [1][2][3][4] Furniture, catheters, and reusable equipment, such as infusion pumps and temperature probes, often become contaminated with C auris. [2][3][4] Once acquired, patients may remain asymptomatically colonized for up to 3 months. [2][3][4][5] C auris can cause severe invasive infection in patients with underlyingcomorbidillnesses;mortalityratesrangefrom30%to60%. 1 Many patients required intensive care for respiratory insufficiency or underlying neurologic disease prior to the onset of their C auris infection; use of systemic antibiotics, central venous catheters, enteral feeding, and mechanical ventilation were common in these patients. 6 Candidemia with sepsis is commonly reported, but intraabdominal and serious wound infections have also occurred. 1,2 The significance of C auris isolatesobtainedfromotherbodysitesislessclearandmayreflectasymptomatic colonization, which does not need to be managed. 4 Invasive infections due to C auris are difficult to manage due to resistance to antifungal drugs; approximately 40% of C auris isolates will be resistant to 2 or more drug classes and 10% will be resistant to allantifungaldrugs. 1 Approximately90%ofCaurisisolatesintheUnited States are resistant to fluconazole, conferring likely resistance to other azoles, and 30% will be res...

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Clinical Issues—September 2019

deKay¹

2019

AORN Journal

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Candida auris: a Review of the Literature

Cited by 453 publications

References 74 publications

Candida auris, what do paediatricians need to know?

Candida auris, what do paediatricians need to know?

What Is Known AboutCandida auris

Clinical Issues—September 2019

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