Candida rugosa Lipase: A Traditional and Complex Biocatalyst

Abstract

Different commercial preparations from Candida rugosa lipase lead often to an irreproducible behaviour when employed in slightly hydrated media, even when different samples from the same supplier are used. This conduct is triggered by several causes, such as the different concentration of the "real" catalyst in the different crude samples (quantity), or the inherent problems related to heterogeneous biocatalysts (i. e., different amount of water, diffusional problems, etc); furthermore, for C. rugosa lipase, the diverse percentage of different isoenzymes (quality) is another irreproducibility-inducing factor. In this sense, for a rational understanding of all the experimental data described for this complex biocatalyst, topics like the description of the role of the inducer on the fermentation, the biochemical characterisation of the crude biocatalysts and the establishment of synthetical strategies to overcome the irreproducibility problems must be covered. Once these tasks are fulfilled, we will be able to understand the relative catalytic activity of different samples from different origins, showing that enzymes should not merely be considered as a "white magic powder" with synthetical utility. Different techniques to evaluate the importance of the amount of water are discussed: 1 H-NMR for comparing the hydrolytic activity of isoenzymes, and sorption isotherms and Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) for understanding the esterification in organic media. Furthermore, different characterisation reactions useful for quantifying the lipase loading (heptyl oleate synthesis and transesterification of vinyl acetate with 1-heptanol) are proposed. Finally, a synthetical strategy based on the acylation, via vinyl acetate, of 1-heptanol, geraniol, nerol and cyclohexanol, for comparing the catalytical results and the isoenzymatic profile is discussed.

Fabrication of electrospun poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibrous membranes by statistical approach for application in enzyme immobilization

“…The density of the PMMA is taken as 1.19 g/cm 3 . By using the reported molecular weight and diameter of C. rugosa lipase, which are 60 kDa and 6.8 nm, respectively [21], the curve in Fig. 6 depicts calculations of the loading of lipase on PMMA nanofibers.…”

Immobilization of lipases on glyoxyl–octyl supports: Improved stability and reactivation strategies

“…The new enzymes used in this paper are the lipase A from C. antarctica (CALA) and the commercial lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL). Both enzymes have a proper lid and have been used in many different applications [46][47][48][49][50], After characterizing the biocatalyst, we have studied the possibilities of applying the strategy of unfolding/refolding to these biocatalysts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of reactivation of any CALA or CRL immobilized preparations.…”

2,3-Diaminophenazine

“…The chemical synthesis of DAP was first developed by oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OP) using ferric chloride in the 1870s [3]. Later, Tarcha et al [4] reported that enzyme (biochemical)-catalyzed oxidation of OP could also yield DAP as an alternative way.…”