Canine distemper virus in Lake Baikal seals (<i>Phoca sibirica</i>)

Mamaev, L.V.; Visser, Ilona; Belikov, S. I.; Деникина, Н. Н.; Harder, Timm C.; Goatley, Lynnette; Rima, B. K.; Edginton, B.H.; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Barrett, Thomas

doi:10.1136/vr.138.18.437

Cited by 52 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In a study examining freeranging carnivores from the Serengeti ecosystem of Africa, closely related CDV isolates were detected from four different species (9), suggesting extensive interspecies transmission. Analysis of PDV-2, which was isolated from Siberian seals, demonstrated a relationship to CDV isolates from a German dog and ferret (26), suggesting that transmission from one of these hosts may have been responsible for the widespread infection seen in these freshwater seals (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Characterization of Canine Distemper Viruses Detected in Naturally Infected Dogs in North America

2005

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In 2004, six puppies and one adult dog from a total of four premises were subjected to necropsy evaluation. For five of the seven dogs, disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) infection was suspected based on clinical signs. In all of the dogs, a diagnosis of CDV infection was established by the presence of compatible gross and histologic lesions, immunohistochemical labeling for CDV antigen, and detection of CDV RNA by reverse transcription-PCR. To further characterize the CDV strains detected in the four cases, complete gene sequences were determined for the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) protein genes, while partial gene sequencing was performed for the phosphoprotein gene. A total of 4,508 bases were sequenced for the CDV strains detected from each of the four cases. Two cases were found to have identical sequences except for 2 bases in the intergenic region of the F and H genes. Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested an evolutionary relationship between sequences detected in these two cases and those of phocine distemper virus 2 and two other strains of CDV not previously detected in the continental United States. Clear phylogenetic relationships were not established for viruses detected in the two additional cases; however, one strain showed similarity to CDV strains detected in a panda from China. Importantly, the three CDV strains detected were demonstrated to be genetically distinct from known vaccine strains and strains previously reported in the continental United States.Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of one the most important viral diseases of wild and domestic Canidae (dog, dingo, fox, coyote, jackal, and wolf) (2). It occurs worldwide and produces high morbidity and mortality in immunologically naïve populations (22,29). This virus also infects a broad range of other animals, such as Mustelidae (ferrets, minks, skunks, weasels, and badgers), Procyonidae (raccoons and pandas), Ursidae (bears), Viverridae (civets, genets, and linsangs), hyaenidae (hyenas), and Felidae (lions and tigers) (2,3,4,10,12,16,36). Canine distemper virus is classified in the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae and has an unsegmented, negative-sense, single-stranded, ϳ15.7-kb RNA genome and an enveloped virus particle that is 150 to 300 nm in diameter (29). The pathogenesis of CDV infection in dogs has been well characterized (2,22,29,35). The genome of CDV encodes the following virion proteins: matrix (M), fusion (F), hemagglutinin (H), nucleocapsid (N), polymerase (L), and phosphoprotein (P). The H gene protein is responsible for viral attachment to the cell host (38) and may also play a role in induction of protective immunity (11). The H protein is one of the most variable morbillivirus proteins and thus has often been used to assess genetic changes between CDV isolates (8,9,17,18,20,21,23,26,28,30).In this study, postmortem findings, immunohistochemical labeling, and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR specific for CDV genomic RNA established a definitive diagnosis of diseas...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Characterization of Canine Distemper Viruses Detected in Naturally Infected Dogs in North America

2005

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“…4,9 A later study showed that the same virus continued to circulate in Lake Baikal seals, years after the epizootic, with only 2-3 nucleotide differences in comparison with the original isolate. 8 The authors of that study looked at a region of the P-gene, which overlaps much of the region analyzed in this study. Similarly, 3 nucleotide differences were observed in the Alaskan sequence compared with that of the Siberian isolate of 1987-1988.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Canine Distemper Outbreak in Alaska: Diagnosis and Strain Characterization Using Sequence Analysis

Maes

Wise

Fitzgerald³

et al. 2003

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Vaccination with modified-live vaccines has been very effective in reducing the incidence of canine distemper, a disease that can be devastating in unvaccinated populations. A diagnostic submission to the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, involved a case in which several hundred dogs in an Alaskan town died in a suspected canine distemper outbreak. Cytoplasmic and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies, consistent with canine distemper virus (CDV) infection, were found in urinary bladder, spleen, lung, and salivary gland. Direct fluorescent antibody test gave results that could be considered positive for canine distemper. Because of the condition of the tissues received, the histopathology and fluorescent antibody-staining results were suggestive but not conclusive of CDV. In this study, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and DNA sequencing were used to confirm the presence of canine distemper virus in these tissues and to perform molecular characterization of the virus. Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of the virus in spleen, lung, and salivary gland. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR in brain, spleen, liver, lung, and kidney, both with nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein (P)-gene-specific primers. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of a 540-bp P-gene fragment of the Alaskan strain with corresponding sequences of 2 vaccine and 7 wild-type CDV strains showed that the virus responsible for the outbreak was closely related to a virulent strain of distemper virus from Siberia.Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an enveloped negative-strand RNA virus classified under the genus Morbillivirus within the family of Paramxyoviridae. Canine distemper has a very broad host range, which includes Canidae, Mustelidea, Procyonidae, Ursidae, Viverridae, and Felidae. The clinical picture of CDV infection in dogs is considered to be dependent on virus strain characteristics, age and immune status of the affected animal, and environmental factors. When population immunity is high, many CDV infections are either clinically unapparent or result in a clinical picture that is relatively mild and may go unrecognized as distemper. When infection occurs in highly susceptible young animals, however, severe multisystemic disease can result. The time of onset of the immune response and, likely, also the virulence of the virus are critical factors in the extent of viral invasion of epithelial tissues and of the central nervous system. The degree and extent of the distemper-induced encephalomyelitis varies somewhat between the various strains of virulent virus. 2,3,5,12,13,15 A large number of dogs that were participating in a sled race in Kotzbue, Alaska, became ill with symptoms that were clinically consistent with canine distemper. Catarrh, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and neurological signs were noted in the affected animals. During the first week of this outbreak, approximately 200 Alaskan Huskies and other mixed-...

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“…CDV strains Onderstepoort (large-and small-plaque variants OND-LP and OND-SP) and Rockborn (RB), a dog isolate from Belfast (Dog/NI) (22), and strains A75/17-V (wild-type A75/17 adapted to growth in Vero cells), BUS (Bussel), and HAN2544/95 (a gift from L. Haas and V. von Messling, Tierärz-tliche Hochschule, Hannover, Germany) were propagated using Vero cells. Briefly, Vero cells in minimal essential medium containing 5% fetal calf serum were infected at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01 at 37°C and incubated at 37°C for 3 to 5 days, depending on when the optimal titer of infectious CDV was produced.…”

Section: Propagation Of Cells and Canine Distemper Virus Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes in carnivores (canines, felids, ferrets, raccoons, and seals) a highly contagious disease with many similarities to human measles but also with a significant difference, as it is much more neurotropic and causes acute encephalitis in about half of the infected animals (2,22). The disease is characterized by fever, coryza, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, and pneumonitis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antibodies to CD9, a Tetraspan Transmembrane Protein, Inhibit Canine Distemper Virus-Induced Cell-Cell Fusion but Not Virus-Cell Fusion

Schmid¹,

Zurbriggen²,

Gassen

et al. 2000

J Virol

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Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a life-threatening disease in several carnivores including domestic dogs. Recently, we identified a molecule, CD9, a member of the tetraspan transmembrane protein family, which facilitates, and antibodies to which inhibit, the infection of tissue culture cells with CDV (strain Onderstepoort). Here we describe that an anti-CD9 monoclonal antibody (MAb K41) did not interfere with binding of CDV to cells and uptake of virus. In addition, in single-step growth experiments, MAb K41 did not induce differences in the levels of viral mRNA and proteins. However, the virus release of syncytium-forming strains of CDV, the virus-induced cell-cell fusion in lytically infected cultures, and the cell-cell fusion of uninfected with persistently CDV-infected HeLa cells were strongly inhibited by MAb K41. These data indicate that anti-CD9 antibodies selectively block virus-induced cell-cell fusion, whereas virus-cell fusion is not affected.Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes in carnivores (canines, felids, ferrets, raccoons, and seals) a highly contagious disease with many similarities to human measles but also with a significant difference, as it is much more neurotropic and causes acute encephalitis in about half of the infected animals (2, 22). The disease is characterized by fever, coryza, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, and pneumonitis. The mortality rates following CDV infection vary with the host species, ranging from 0% in domestic cats to approximately 50% in domestic dogs and 100% in ferrets. Encephalomyelitis is the most common cause of death of CDV-infected animals (2, 40, 43). In dogs, CDV infection results in a progressive demyelinating encephalomyelitis, probably due to a bystander mechanism in which macrophages play an important role (46). The onset of encephalitis appears to be influenced by humoral immune responses to CDV (33). Canine distemper is also associated with transient immunosuppression that may result in significant morbidity and mortality through opportunistic infections (6,19).The cellular receptor for CDV is not known. It has been shown by complementation analysis with the help of recombinant envelope proteins of CDV and measles virus MV that the CDV H protein is responsible for the selective tropism of CDV in cell culture (39). Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids were used to demonstrate that human chromosome 19 encodes a CDV receptor on human cells (39). Recently, we obtained a monoclonal antibody (MAb K41) which was able to inhibit CDV infection and found that it recognizes the tetraspan transmembrane (TM4) protein CD9 (21), the gene of which is localized on human chromosome 12 (4, 5). However, direct binding of CDV to CD9 could not be demonstrated, suggesting that CD9 is not a receptor for CDV.CD9 has also been discussed as a possible cellular receptor for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) (44), and a different member of the TM4 superfamily, C33 (CD82), was found to be involved in syncytium formation by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) (14). Similar...

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Canine distemper virus in Lake Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica)

Cited by 52 publications

References 23 publications

Phylogenetic Characterization of Canine Distemper Viruses Detected in Naturally Infected Dogs in North America

Phylogenetic Characterization of Canine Distemper Viruses Detected in Naturally Infected Dogs in North America

A Canine Distemper Outbreak in Alaska: Diagnosis and Strain Characterization Using Sequence Analysis

Antibodies to CD9, a Tetraspan Transmembrane Protein, Inhibit Canine Distemper Virus-Induced Cell-Cell Fusion but Not Virus-Cell Fusion

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