Canine morbillivirus (CDV): a review on current status, emergence and the diagnostics

Abstract

The increasing host range of canine morbillivirus (CDV) affecting important wildlife species such as Lions, Leopard, and Red Pandas has raised the concern. Canine distemper is a pathogen of dogs affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Seventeen lineages of CDV are reported, and the eighteenth lineage was proposed in 2019 from India. Marked genomic differences in the genome of wild-type virus and vaccine strain are also reported.The variations at the epitope level can be differentiated using specific monoclonal antibodies in neutralization tests. Keeping in mind the current status of the emergence of CDV, genetic and molecular study of circulating strains of the specific geographical region are the essential components of the disease control strategy. New target-based diagnostics and vaccines are in need to counter the effects of the emerging virus population. Control of CDV is necessary to save the endangered, vulnerable, and many other wildlife species to maintain balance in the ecological system. This review provides an overview on emergence reported in CDV, diagnostics developed till today, and a perspective on the disease control strategy, keeping wildlife in consideration.

Detection of Selected Canine Viruses in Nigerian Free-Ranging Dogs Traded for Meat Consumption

“…Interestingly, both CDV sequences identified in this study retained Tyr and Arg in the hemagglutinin gene at positions 549 and 580, respectively. The CDV H gene determines viral tropism and host range, and an aa substitution from Arg to Gln at position 580 has been suggested to determine host jump to noncanid species [ 78 ]. However, both sequences from this study retained Arg at position 580.…”

Multiplex primers employment for detection of rinderpest virus RNA by PCR

“…M. Karki et al (2022) noted that the key to controlling rinderpest is early and accurate detection of the presence of the virus before it crosses the bloodbrain barrier. This is of particular importance to pet owners and veterinary professionals who care for sick animals.…”

Study of Canine Distemper Virus Presence in Catalonia’s Wild Carnivores through H Gene Amplification and Sequencing

“…The cross-species transmission potential of CDV is evident from sporadic spillovers into wildlife, leading to devastating mortality events and contributing to declines or near-extinction events in several wild animal populations including black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) [29] and tigers (Panthera tigris) [30]. CD is an endemic disease, and numerous outbreaks have been documented across various regions globally [31]. In 2023, CD outbreaks were found in Galapagos Islands threatening the endangered Galapagos Sea Lion [32], in captive tigers in Thailand [33], and in Palm civets in India [34].…”