Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis, United States and Canada, 2000–2003

Duprey, Zandra; Steurer, Frank; Rooney, Jane; Kirchhoff, Louis V.; Jackson, Joan E.; Rowton, Edgar; Schantz, Peter

doi:10.3201/eid1203.050811

Cited by 177 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…9 In the United States and Canada, L. infantum zymodeme MON1 was isolated from tissue specimen cultures of dogs. 41 As part of a preliminary study, we attempted to detect Leishmania amastigotes in the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes of serologically positive dogs; however, we did not observe the parasites in the hematoxylin/ eosin-stained tissue sections (data not shown), probably owing to the low number of parasites in the reservoir host. Further studies with an increased sample size are required to demonstrate the existence of parasites in tissue specimens with more sensitive tools and to isolate viable Leishmania from naturally exposed dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…42,43 Traditionally, canine leishmaniasis is transmitted directly from sand flies to dogs, but dog to dog transmission of L. infantum via direct contamination with blood and secretions was recently detected in the United States and Canada. 41 The possible interaction between dogs and sand flies is an important issue with respect to the transmission of VL to humans. New and Old World sand fly species have varying degrees of host preferences, and hence are opportunistic feeders.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular and Serological Evidence of Leishmania Infection in Stray Dogs from Visceral Leishmaniasis–Endemic Areas of Bangladesh

Akter

Alam

Yasin

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is mainly caused by two closely related Leishmania species, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani. Leishmania infantum is responsible for zoonotic VL, with dogs as the main reservoir host in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. In the Indian subcontinent, VL is caused by L. donovani and is considered anthroponotic, although the only known vector, the sand fly, is zoophilic in nature. The role of domestic and stray dogs in VL transmission is still unclear in this area. We screened 50 stray dogs from VL-endemic areas of Bangladesh for serological and molecular evidence of Leishmania infection. We detected anti-Leishmania antibodies in six (12%) dog serum samples using rK39 immunochromatographic tests. We observed Leishmania kinetoplast DNA in 10 (20%) buffy coat DNA samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), five of which were positive based on internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR. A sequencing analysis of the amplified products confirmed that the parasitic DNA was derived from L. donovani. Our findings support the hypothesis that stray dogs are an animal reservoir for L. donovani in this endemic region. Further studies are required to determine the precise role of dogs in the epidemiology of VL in Bangladesh.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Serological Evidence of Leishmania Infection in Stray Dogs from Visceral Leishmaniasis–Endemic Areas of Bangladesh

Akter

Alam

Yasin

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Polymorphisms in the Slc11a1 gene have been associated with CVL in a case-control study with 97 dogs of different breeds [23]: three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the Slc11a1 promoter region (T151C, A180G, G318A) were associated with increased risk for CVL in different breeds, and one haplotype was significantly associated with the Boxer breed, which may suggest varied predispositions to infectious disease among canine breeds. In fact, genetic epidemiologic surveys in dogs revealed higher prevalence of Leishmania infection (up to 25%) in Boxers, German Shepherds, Doberman Pinschers, Cocker Spaniels, and among American and English Foxhounds (held in foxpacks in North America) [8,11,12,23]. Conversely, certain canine breeds may be resistant to Leishmania infection and CVL such as the Mediterranean Ibizan Hound, an autochthonous breed from the Balearic Island of Ibiza [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slc11a1 (formerly Nramp1) and susceptibility to canine visceral leishmaniasis

et al. 2008

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-Visceral leishmaniasis is the most important zoonosis in Europe and it is caused by Leishmania infantum, a protozoan intracellular parasite. Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is endemic in the Mediterranean basin, Middle East, and South America, and is emerging within non endemic areas such as the United Kingdom and North America. We have analyzed 24 polymorphisms in the canine Slc11a1 (formerly NRAMP1) gene: 19 new polymorphisms characterized by direct sequencing from 40 dogs of different breeds and five polymorphisms previously described. Data analysis in a case-control study including 164 dogs of 19 different breeds revealed that two of the 24 polymorphisms were associated with increased risk for CVL: one intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A4549G in intron 6: odds ratio (OR) = 6.78, P = 0.001) and one silent SNP in exon 8 (C4859T: OR = 13.44, P = 0.004). In silico analysis of the significant SNP revealed that SNP in the promoter region affect putative transcription binding sites and SNP C4859T in exon 8 disrupts a putative exonic splicing enhancer (ESE). These results corroborate that Slc11a1 polymorphisms are associated with increased risk for CVL. leishmaniasis / Slc11a1 / polymorphism / dog / susceptibility

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“…Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi are endemic parasites in the US and Canada (Duprey et al 2006) and can cause fatal infection in humans and dogs. Dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis are a major reservoir host for human infections (Rosypal et al 2003), and T. cruzi has been described in a variety of wild animals in the southeastern US (Brown et al 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitology, Virology, and Serology of Free-Ranging Coyotes (Canis latrans) from Central Georgia, USA

Gates

Gerhold

Wilkes

et al. 2014

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:We examined 31 free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) from central Georgia, USA, for select parasites and viral agents. Sixteen coyotes had adult heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis). Serum samples from 27 animals revealed antibodies against canine parvovirus (100%), canine distemper virus (48%), canine adenovirus (37%), and Trypanosoma cruzi (7%); none were detected against Leishmania spp. Twenty-two of 24 (92%) coyotes were positive for Toxoplasma gondii. Real-time PCR of feces revealed 32% of coyotes were shedding canine parvovirus, and sequencing revealed type 2b and 2c. Because coyotes could be a spillover host of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) pathogens, studies of the transmission of pathogens between coyotes and domestic dogs are warranted.

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Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis, United States and Canada, 2000–2003

Abstract: Foxhounds infected with Leishmania spp. were found in 18 states and 2 Canadian provinces.

Cited by 177 publications

References 18 publications

Molecular and Serological Evidence of Leishmania Infection in Stray Dogs from Visceral Leishmaniasis–Endemic Areas of Bangladesh

Molecular and Serological Evidence of Leishmania Infection in Stray Dogs from Visceral Leishmaniasis–Endemic Areas of Bangladesh

Slc11a1 (formerly Nramp1) and susceptibility to canine visceral leishmaniasis

Parasitology, Virology, and Serology of Free-Ranging Coyotes (Canis latrans) from Central Georgia, USA

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