Cannabinoid Disposition in Oral Fluid after Controlled Smoked Cannabis

Lee, Dayong; Schwope, David M.; Milman, Garry; Barnes, Allan J.; Gorelick, David A.; Huestis, Marilyn A.

doi:10.1373/clinchem.2011.177881

Cited by 69 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Frequent smokers were significantly younger, smoked for fewer lifetime years, and smoked more recently in the prior 14 days and more frequently compared to occasional smokers. Two participants (M and N) were originally classified as occasional users by self-report, but were reclassified as frequent smokers because their baseline and all postsmoking THC and metabolite concentrations were consistent with published blood (7 ), oral fluid (15 ), and urine (16 ) cannabinoid concentrations from frequent smokers. Participants B, J, T, and Y withdrew from the study early, after the 26-, 10.5-, 24-, and 6-h sample collections, respectively.…”

Section: Human Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase I and II Cannabinoid Disposition in Blood and Plasma of Occasional and Frequent Smokers Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis

et al. 2014

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BACKGROUND Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) have been reported in blood from frequent cannabis smokers for an extended time during abstinence. We compared THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, cannabidiol, cannabinol, THC-glucuronide, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC-glucuronide (THCCOO-glucuronide) blood and plasma disposition in frequent and occasional cannabis smokers. METHODS Frequent and occasional smokers resided on a closed research unit and smoked one 6.8% THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum. Blood and plasma cannabinoids were quantified on admission (approximately 19 h before), 1 h before, and up to 15 times (0.5–30 h) after smoking. RESULTS Cannabinoid blood and plasma concentrations were significantly higher in frequent smokers compared with occasional smokers at most time points for THC and 11-OH-THC and at all time points for THCCOOH and THCCOO-glucuronide. Cannabidiol, cannabinol, and THC-glucuronide were not significantly different at any time point. Overall blood and plasma cannabinoid concentrations were significantly higher in frequent smokers for THC, 11-OH-THC, THCCOOH, and THCCOO-glucuronide, with and without accounting for baseline concentrations. For blood THC >5 μg/L, median (range) time of last detection was 3.5 h (1.1–>30 h) in frequent smokers and 1.0 h (0–2.1 h) in 11 occasional smokers; 2 individuals had no samples with THC >5 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis smoking history plays a major role in cannabinoid detection. These differences may impact clinical and impaired driving drug detection. The presence of cannabidiol, cannabinol, or THC-glucuronide indicates recent use, but their absence does not exclude it.

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Section: Human Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase I and II Cannabinoid Disposition in Blood and Plasma of Occasional and Frequent Smokers Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis

et al. 2014

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“…The phase I metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) is not usually detected or is present at low concentrations (0.3–1.3μg/L) in OF after controlled smoked or oral cannabis. Maximum 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) concentrations after smoking were 134–760ng/L in OF collected with the Quantisal ™ (Immunalysis) device [15, 19] , and 560ng/L in expectorated OF [18] . While peak THC concentrations occur immediately after smoking, peak THCCOOH concentrations typically occur 1–2h after smoking [15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maximum 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) concentrations after smoking were 134–760ng/L in OF collected with the Quantisal ™ (Immunalysis) device [15, 19] , and 560ng/L in expectorated OF [18] . While peak THC concentrations occur immediately after smoking, peak THCCOOH concentrations typically occur 1–2h after smoking [15] . THCCOOH has an extended window of detection compared to THC in frequent smokers [11, 15] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled cannabis smoking in frequent and occasional smokers

Newmeyer

Desrosiers

Lee

et al. 2014

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Oral fluid (OF) is an increasingly popular alternative matrix for drug testing, with cannabinoids being the most commonly identified illicit drug. Quantification of multiple OF cannabinoids and understanding differences in OF cannabinoid pharmacokinetics between frequent and occasional smokers improves test interpretation. The new Oral-Eze® OF collection device has an elution buffer that stabilizes analytes and improves drug recovery from the collection pad; however, its performance has not been independently evaluated. After controlled smoking of a 6.8% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) cannabis cigarette by frequent and occasional smokers, OF was collected with the Oral-Eze device for up to 30h. Samples were analyzed for multiple cannabinoids by a validated 2D-GC-MS method. Frequent smokers had significantly greater OF THCCOOH concentrations than occasional smokers at all times, and showed positive results for a significantly longer time. We evaluated multiple cannabinoid cutoffs; the shortest last detection times were observed when THC ≥1μg/L, and CBD or CBN ≥1μg/L. With these cutoffs, last detection times, about 1–13.5h, were not significantly different between groups, demonstrating suitability for short-term cannabinoid detection independent of smoking history. Cutoffs utilizing THC alone or combined with THCCOOH showed significantly different last detection times between groups. The widest detection windows were observed with THC ≥1 or 2μg/L or THCCOOH ≥20ng/L. Our data illustrate the effectiveness of the Oral-Eze device for OF collection, the impact of self-administered smoked cannabis history on OF cannabinoid results, and the ability to improve interpretation and tailor OF cannabinoid cutoffs to fulfill the detection window needs of a given program.

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“…Caps for the tubes contained a PTFE liner (Thermo Fisher Scientific, #4506615). Specimens were collected from nonsmokers immediately prior to each session and following the 1-h exposure session nominally at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,8,10,12,22,26,30 and 34 h after the end of the exposure session (designated time 0). Smokers' oral fluid specimens were collected at the same nominal times through 8 h; smokers were discharged from the study after 8 h. No food or drink was allowed for a period of 10 min prior to or during each scheduled oral fluid collection.…”

Section: Specimen Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, there is concern that exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke might produce a positive drug test in oral fluid, similar to concerns expressed for urine (6), in nonsmokers. Cannabinoid-related analytes that have been identified in oral fluid after cannabis use include THC, 9-carboxy-11-nor-D 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) and its conjugate, cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). The 2004 US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) proposed revisions to mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs (Mandatory Guidelines) with oral fluid called for initial testing for THC parent drug and a metabolite at a 4-ng/mL cutoff concentration (oral fluid) and a confirmatory test at 2 ng/mL for THC (15).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects

et al. 2015

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The increasing use of highly potent strains of cannabis prompted this new evaluation of human toxicology and subjective effects following passive exposure to cannabis smoke. The study was designed to produce extreme cannabis smoke exposure conditions tolerable to drugfree nonsmokers. Six experienced cannabis users smoked cannabis cigarettes [5.3% D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Session 1 and 11.3% THC in Sessions 2 and 3] in a closed chamber. Six nonsmokers were seated alternately with smokers during exposure sessions of 1 h duration. Sessions 1 and 2 were conducted with no ventilation and ventilation was employed in Session 3. Oral fluid, whole blood and subjective effect measures were obtained before and at multiple time points after each session. Oral fluid was analyzed by ELISA (4 ng/mL cutoff concentration) and by LC-MS-MS (limit of quantitation) for THC (1 ng/mL) and total THCCOOH (0.02 ng/mL). Blood was analyzed by LC -MS-MS (0.5 ng/mL) for THC, 11-OH-THC and free THCCOOH. Positive tests for THC in oral fluid and blood were obtained for nonsmokers up to 3 h following exposure. Ratings of subjective effects correlated with the degree of exposure. Subjective effect measures and amounts of THC absorbed by nonsmokers (relative to smokers) indicated that extreme secondhand cannabis smoke exposure mimicked, though to a lesser extent, active cannabis smoking.

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Cannabinoid Disposition in Oral Fluid after Controlled Smoked Cannabis

Cited by 69 publications

References 33 publications

Phase I and II Cannabinoid Disposition in Blood and Plasma of Occasional and Frequent Smokers Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis

Phase I and II Cannabinoid Disposition in Blood and Plasma of Occasional and Frequent Smokers Following Controlled Smoked Cannabis

Cannabinoid disposition in oral fluid after controlled cannabis smoking in frequent and occasional smokers

Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects

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