Cannabinoids from inflorescences fractions of <i>Trema orientalis</i> (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae) against human pathogenic bacteria

Napiroon, Tiwtawat; Tanruean, Keerati; Poolprasert, Pisit; Bacher, Markus; Balslev, Henrik; Poopath, Manop; Santimaleeworagun, Wichai

doi:10.7717/peerj.11446

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Given that the progenitor of the cannabinoid synthases is found in the related genera Humulus, Parasponia and Trema , it is reasonable to ask whether these enzymes actually make cannabinoids. In fact, it has recently been found that THCA, CBDA and cannabinol (CBN) are present in inflorescences of Trema orientalis (Napiroon et al, 2021). Looking at the active site residue alignment in Figure 6 the Trema sequence, which is about 60% identical to the Cannabis cannabinoid synthase sequences shows about the same percentage identity in the active site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution, Expansion and Characterization of Cannabinoid Synthase Gene Family inCannabis Sativa

Allen

Torres

Cesare

et al. 2022

Preprint

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We are working toward a complete functional and genomic characterization of the cannabinoid synthase family in Cannabis (itself part of the larger Berberine Bridge Enzyme family). This clade, which is unique to Cannabis, includes four main subclades that appear to have arisen by a series of gene duplications. We have functionally characterized three cannabinoid synthases, in addition to the three already characterized, so that now all four subclades contain at least one characterized enzyme. The previously uncharacterized Clade C enzymes have relatively low activity and produce CBCA as their primary product. In addition, we report genomic characterization to better understand the structure and high level of copy number variation in this family. We report a pattern of shared regions immediately upstream of the cannabinoid synthase genes that suggests a specific sequence of breakpoints, and hence gene duplication events. We present a model of gene family expansion to account for the observed data, along with evidence that this expansion occurred under selective pressure. This work adds to our understanding of both the high level of variability in this family and the origin of THCA in type III plants lacking a functional THCAS gene.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution, Expansion and Characterization of Cannabinoid Synthase Gene Family inCannabis Sativa

Allen

Torres

Cesare

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…GC-based analytical techniques have been used routinely in the analysis of phytocannabinoids in plant samples (Table 1), particularly in been reported from Avicennia marina, 31 Trema orientalis, 60 and phytoplankton. 59 Both GC-FID and GC-MS, including GC-MS/MS, are extensively used in phytocannabinoids analysis from plant extracts (Table 1).…”

Section: Gc Analysis Of Phytocannabinoids In Plant Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several papers have been published on the GC-MS or GC-MS/MS analysis of phytocannabinoids from plant matrices. 32,[34][35][36]38,41,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]59,60 Dried flowering tops of C. sativa, after hydrodistillation, were extracted with acidic n-hexane using a standard maceration technique at room temperature involving constant agitation in the dark for 3 h, and the GC-MS analysis of the resulting extract afforded identification of CBD (3). 32 The presence of other phytocannabinoids in the extract, for example, CBDV (12), CBDVA (14), THC (10), THCV (13), and THCVA (15), was determined by LC-MS/MS analysis.…”

Section: Gc Analysis Of Phytocannabinoids In Plant Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020–2023)

Nahar,

Gavril,

Sarker

2023

Phytochemical Analysis

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IntroductionCannabinoids are a group of compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors. They possess pharmacological properties like that of the plant Cannabis sativa. Gas chromatography (GC) is one of the popular chromatographic techniques that has been routinely used in the analysis of cannabinoids in different matrices.ObjectiveThe article aims to review the literature on the application of GC‐based analytical methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published during the period from January 2020 to August 2023.MethodologyA thorough literature search was conducted using different databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, GC, quantitative, qualitative, and quality control. From the search results, only the publications that incorporate the GC analysis of phytocannabinoids were reviewed, and papers on synthetic cannabinoids were excluded.ResultsSince the publication of the review article on GC analysis of phytocannabinoids in early 2020, several GC‐based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids have appeared in the literature. While simple 1D GC–mass spectrometry (MS) and GC–flame ionisation detector (FID) methods are still quite common in phytocannabinoids analysis, 2D GC‐MS and GC‐MS/MS are increasingly becoming popular, as these techniques offer more useful data for identification and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. The use of automation in sample preparation and the utilisation of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols have become a norm in phytocannabinoids analysis. Pre‐analyses have been found to incorporate different derivatisation techniques and environmentally friendly extraction protocols.ConclusionsGC‐based analysis of phytocannabinoids, especially using GC‐MS, remains one of the most preferred methods for the analysis of these compounds. New derivatisation methods, ionisation techniques, mathematical models, and computational approaches for method optimisation have been introduced.

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“…Briefly, it should be noted that there are non- C. sativa plants among the Cannabaceae family that are, or have been, used medicinally around the world but have received only minor attention from the scientific community [ 56 ]. For example, extracts of flower heads of Trema orientalis , which is widely distributed in tropical regions of Asia, have been reported to exhibit antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (ATCC 43300), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606) with MICs of 64–125 µg/mL, 31–64 µg/mL and 31–64 µg/mL, respectively [ 56 ]. Such extracts were shown to contain THC, CBN and, to a lesser extent, CBD.…”

Section: The Antimicrobial Properties Of Cannabis and Cannabis-derive...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antimicrobial Properties of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Compounds and Relevance to CB2-Targeted Neurodegenerative Therapeutics

et al. 2022

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Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is of interest as a much-needed target for the treatment or prevention of several neurogenerative diseases. However, CB2 agonists, particularly phytocannabinoids, have been ascribed antimicrobial properties and are associated with the induction of microbiome compositional fluxes. When developing novel CB2 therapeutics, CB2 engagement and antimicrobial functions should both be considered. This review summarizes those cannabinoids and cannabis-informed molecules and preparations (CIMPs) that show promise as microbicidal agents, with a particular focus on the most recent developments. CIMP–microbe interactions and anti-microbial mechanisms are discussed, while the major knowledge gaps and barriers to translation are presented. Further research into CIMPs may proffer novel direct or adjunctive strategies to augment the currently available antimicrobial armory. The clinical promise of CIMPs as antimicrobials, however, remains unrealized. Nevertheless, the microbicidal effects ascribed to several CB2 receptor-agonists should be considered when designing therapeutic approaches for neurocognitive and other disorders, particularly in cases where such regimens are to be long-term. To this end, the potential development of CB2 agonists lacking antimicrobial properties is also discussed.

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Cannabinoids from inflorescences fractions of Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Cannabaceae) against human pathogenic bacteria

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Evolution, Expansion and Characterization of Cannabinoid Synthase Gene Family inCannabis Sativa

Evolution, Expansion and Characterization of Cannabinoid Synthase Gene Family inCannabis Sativa

Application of gas chromatography in the analysis of phytocannabinoids: An update (2020–2023)

The Antimicrobial Properties of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Compounds and Relevance to CB2-Targeted Neurodegenerative Therapeutics

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