Cannabinoids in oral fluid following passive exposure to marijuana smoke

Moore, Christine; Coulter, Cynthia; Uges, Donald; Tuyay, James; Linde, S. van der; Leeuwen, Arthur van; Garnier, Margaux; Orbita, Jonathan

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.019

Cited by 77 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The presence of low concentrations of THCCOOH and conjugated-THCCOOH in oral fluid cannot be accounted for by cannabis smoke deposition as studies have not detected these analytes in cannabis smoke (19,31). In contrast to the prior study by Perez-Reyes (3), we believe it is likely that these metabolites in oral fluid arise from diffusion from blood into oral fluid.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…In another study, Moore et al (19) measured THC in oral fluid in a clean environment during 3 h exposure to secondhand cannabis smoke in a Dutch coffee house and for up to 22 h after exposure. Peak concentrations of THC during exposure for each of the 10 subjects were as follows: 4.3 (2 h), 6.8 (2 h), 5.8 (2 h), 3.8 (2 h), 1.5 (3 h), 5.1 (3 h), 2.3 (3 h), 17 (3 h), 12 (3 h) and 1.3 (3 h) ng/mL.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects

et al. 2015

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The increasing use of highly potent strains of cannabis prompted this new evaluation of human toxicology and subjective effects following passive exposure to cannabis smoke. The study was designed to produce extreme cannabis smoke exposure conditions tolerable to drugfree nonsmokers. Six experienced cannabis users smoked cannabis cigarettes [5.3% D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Session 1 and 11.3% THC in Sessions 2 and 3] in a closed chamber. Six nonsmokers were seated alternately with smokers during exposure sessions of 1 h duration. Sessions 1 and 2 were conducted with no ventilation and ventilation was employed in Session 3. Oral fluid, whole blood and subjective effect measures were obtained before and at multiple time points after each session. Oral fluid was analyzed by ELISA (4 ng/mL cutoff concentration) and by LC-MS-MS (limit of quantitation) for THC (1 ng/mL) and total THCCOOH (0.02 ng/mL). Blood was analyzed by LC -MS-MS (0.5 ng/mL) for THC, 11-OH-THC and free THCCOOH. Positive tests for THC in oral fluid and blood were obtained for nonsmokers up to 3 h following exposure. Ratings of subjective effects correlated with the degree of exposure. Subjective effect measures and amounts of THC absorbed by nonsmokers (relative to smokers) indicated that extreme secondhand cannabis smoke exposure mimicked, though to a lesser extent, active cannabis smoking.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects

et al. 2015

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“…The 15 records reported findings from 8 unique studies. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Details of each included study are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20][21][22]28 All studies showed THC in the oral fluid of participants who had been exposed to second-hand marijuana smoke.…”

Section: Cannabinoids and Cannabinoid Metabolites In Bodily Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health effects of exposure to second- and third-hand marijuana smoke: a systematic review

et al. 2017

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“…It is almost completely metabolized with the main psychoactive metabolite being 11-hydroxydelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC). This is readily detectable in plasma, faeces and urine of users and even non-users that are exposed [16,17]. 11-OH-THC levels peak later than THC levels after cannabis exposure [16,[18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does "Hotboxing?" Get You High and Can You Test Positive? - A Brief Review of Second-Hand Cannabis Exposure, Intoxication and Urine Drug Screens

Gnanasegaram¹,

Ganpat²,

Stanciu³

2017

J Alcohol Drug Depend

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Cannabis use is on the rise with higher and higher potencies of marijuana being cultivated. Current legislatures make it easier, and legal, for users to use, especially around nonusers. When such second-hand smoke occurs in poorly ventilated confinements, nonusers may inhale some of the smoke, resulting in absorption of cannabinoids. Some degree of intoxication may occur but most importantly, detectable levels of the drug in blood and urine. Often screening is used by employers, law enforcement agencies, physicians and substance abuse providers. Clinicians hence need to be mindful of such factors when patients deny use despite positive tests. Here we review available evidence, with emphasis on current data based on today's trends.Clinical background: "I have not smoked marijuana since before I was drafted" 23 year-old NFL player Josh Gordon stated as his explanation for testing positive above the 15 ng/mL THC threshold the NFL considers a failed test. In his appeal he stated he was around individuals using marijuana. His "A" sample tested at 16 ng/mL and his "B" sample tested at 13.63 ng/mL. The two should be consistent since it comes from the same specimen. His legal team was able to dispute the results and reduce his sentence to 8 months as he was the "victim of breathing second hand smoke" (ESPN, 2014).

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Cannabinoids in oral fluid following passive exposure to marijuana smoke

Cited by 77 publications

References 11 publications

Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects

Nonsmoker Exposure to Secondhand Cannabis Smoke. III. Oral Fluid and Blood Drug Concentrations and Corresponding Subjective Effects

Health effects of exposure to second- and third-hand marijuana smoke: a systematic review

Does "Hotboxing?" Get You High and Can You Test Positive? - A Brief Review of Second-Hand Cannabis Exposure, Intoxication and Urine Drug Screens

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