Cannabis causes schizophrenia? So does nicotine

Zullino, Daniele; Manghi, Rita; Rathelot, Thomas; Khan, Riaz J.K.; Khazaal, Yasser

doi:10.3109/16066359.2010.489999

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The declining association between smoking and schizophrenia in discordant relative pairs of increasing relatedness strongly suggests that shared familial/genetic factors account for part of the comorbidity between smoking and schizophrenia. Third, however, two of our findings provide support for mechanism 2 (30, 31). Examining both cigarettes smoked per day and an indirect but ecologically valid measure of nicotine dependence, we found a dose-response relationship between smoking and risk for schizophrenia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Smoking and Schizophrenia in Population Cohorts of Swedish Women and Men: A Prospective Co-Relative Control Study

Kendler

Lönn²,

Sundquist

et al. 2015

AJP

111

123

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Objective The purpose of this study was to clarify the causes of the smoking-schizophrenia association. Method Using Cox proportional hazard and co-relative control models, the authors predicted future risk for a diagnosis of schizophrenia or nonaffective psychosis from the smoking status of 1,413,849 women and 233,879 men from, respectively, the Swedish birth and conscript registries. Results Smoking was assessed in women at a mean age of 27 and in men at a mean age of 18. The mean age at end of follow-up was 46 for women and 26 for men. Hazard ratios for first-onset schizophrenia were elevated both for light smoking (2.21 [95% CI=1.90–2.56] for women and 2.15 [95% CI=1.25–3.44] for men) and heavy smoking (3.45 [95% CI=2.95–4.03] for women and 3.80 [95% CI=1.19–6.60] for men). These associations did not decline when schizophrenia onsets 3–5 years after smoking assessment were censored. When age, socioeconomic status, and drug abuse were controlled for, hazard ratios declined only modestly in both samples. Women who smoked into late pregnancy had a much higher risk for schizophrenia than those who quit early. Hazard ratios predicting nonaffective psychosis in the general population, in cousins, in half siblings, and in full siblings discordant for heavy smoking were, respectively, 2.67, 2.71, 2.54, and 2.18. A model utilizing all relative pairs predicted a hazard ratio of 1.69 (95% CI=1.17–2.44) for nonaffective psychosis in the heavy-smoking member of discordant monozygotic twin pairs. Conclusions Smoking prospectively predicts risk for schizophrenia. This association does not arise from smoking onset during a schizophrenic prodrome and demonstrates a clear dose-response relationship. While little of this association is explained by epidemiological confounders, a portion arises from common familial/genetic risk factors. However, in full siblings and especially monozygotic twins discordant for smoking, risk for nonaffective psychosis is appreciably higher in the smoking member. These results can help in evaluating the plausibility of various etiological hypotheses for the smoking-schizophrenia association.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Smoking and Schizophrenia in Population Cohorts of Swedish Women and Men: A Prospective Co-Relative Control Study

Kendler

Lönn²,

Sundquist

et al. 2015

AJP

111

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Nevertheless, regular tobacco use has been associated with an increased risk of psychotic-like experiences in the general population ( 43 ). This finding may reflect regular tobacco users' shared vulnerability to psychotic-like and A/P experiences under the influence of drugs, and this could be due to common underlying factors such as specific tobacco-use related effects or may result from an addiction-driven vulnerability ( 44 , 45 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Consciousness alterations in a cohort of young Swiss men: Associations with substance use and personality traits

Deligianni

Studer²,

Gmel³

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundSubstance-induced consciousness alterations (CA) have mainly been studied among users of psychedelics but not among people using street drugs.AimsExplore occurrences of three different types of substance-induced CA [ego dissolution (ED), visual pseudo-hallucinations (VPH), anxiety/paranoia (A/P)] and their perceived influences on life, together with their associations with substance use and personality correlates in a general population sample of 25-year-old men.Methods2,796 young Swiss men lifetime substance users completed a self-report questionnaire including history of use (never, former, and current) of different substances categories (psychedelics, cocaine, psychostimulants, ecstasy, MDMA, and other drugs), substance-induced ego dissolution (ED), visual pseudo-hallucinations (VPH) and anxiety/paranoia (A/P), the influence of these CA experiences on life, and personality traits (sensation seeking, sociability, anxiety-neuroticism, and aggression–hostility).Results32.2% reported at least one CA (i.e., ED, VPH or A/P), with 20.5% reporting ED, 16.7% VPH, and 14.6% A/P. Former and current use of psychedelics and ketamine was significantly associated with occurrences of all three types of CAs and with a positive influence of CA on life. Associations between the former and current use of other substances and the different types of CA were less consistent, and perceived influences on life were not statistically significant. Sociability was negatively associated with occurrences of all three types of CA. Positive associations were found between anxiety–neuroticism and ED and A/P, between aggression–hostility and A/P, and between sensation seeking and ED and VPH.ConclusionThis study supports the potential for psychedelics to induce CAs perceived as beneficial to life among people using street drugs, possibly reflecting the mechanism underlying the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.

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“…While both schizophrenia and drug abuse typically have onset in adolescence or young adulthood the relationship between them is not clear. It may be that vulnerability to substance abuse disorders and schizophrenia involve a similar neurobiological substrate (Murray et al, 2003;Zullino et al, 2010). Some studies suggest that drug abuse may in fact be causally related to later development of schizophrenia.…”

Section: Drug Abuse and Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment

Volkan¹

2020

jhms

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Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that has devastating consequences for those who suffer from the disorder. The epidemiology of schizophrenia indicates that it occurs relatively often, in many different contexts, and in conjunction with other disorders, decreasing quality of life and causing premature death. There has been an enormous amount of research into the causes of schizophrenia and there is now have a much better understanding of the genetic, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to the disease. While there are numerous ways to understand and conceptualize schizophrenia, a unified picture of the neurobiology, changes in brain structure, cognitive and social-cognitive impairments related to the disorder has yet to emerge. Convulsive therapies and psychosurgery were used unsuccessfully, indiscriminately and without scientific validation in the past to treat schizophrenia. Medical advances including advanced imaging technology have now provided the ability to perform specifically focused neuromodulation and psychosurgery in severe and treatment resistant cases of schizophrenia. While still at a preliminary stage, these approaches have the potential to yield effective treatments in the future. For the last 70 years antipsychotic medication has become the prevailing treatment for schizophrenia. However, many people suffering from the disorder have trouble with side-effects and adhering to a regimen of antipsychotic medication. Newer pharmacological agents are being developed and include not only novel antipsychotic drugs, but anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating agents as well. These new agents, used either alone or in combination, have the potential to improve outcomes for people suffering from schizophrenia. Nevertheless, conclusively better pharmacotherapies will likely not arise until there is better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying schizophrenia. After the development of antipsychotic medication, psychotherapeutic methods for treating schizophrenia fell out of favor, but there is currently some reversal of this trend. The use of newer psychotherapies and modified forms of older therapeutic treatments are not only targeting the symptoms of schizophrenia but are also now focusing on recovery from the disorder. These newer approaches as well as efforts at preventing schizophrenia show promise in reducing the suffering caused by this disease.

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Cannabis causes schizophrenia? So does nicotine

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Smoking and Schizophrenia in Population Cohorts of Swedish Women and Men: A Prospective Co-Relative Control Study

Smoking and Schizophrenia in Population Cohorts of Swedish Women and Men: A Prospective Co-Relative Control Study

Consciousness alterations in a cohort of young Swiss men: Associations with substance use and personality traits

Schizophrenia: Epidemiology, Causes, Neurobiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment

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