Cannabis plants illicitly grown in Jutland (Denmark)

Abstract

Four hundred forty-nine fresh cannabis plants and 26 fruiting tops harvested in Jutland (Denmark) from July to September 1988 were characterized according to weight, height, marihuana yield, and cannabinoid content. The median weights were 308 g and 584 g for plants grown outdoors (n = 418) and in greenhouses (n = 31), respectively. The average marihuana yield was 8.7% for the plants grown outdoors and slightly lower for the greenhouse plants. Great variations, however, were seen both between and within the individual harvests. The mean concentration of total THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) was 0.87% for the plants grown outdoors. An increase according to the month of harvest was observed. For plants grown in greenhouses the mean value of total THC was 1.35%, while the mean concentration of fruiting tops was 2.13%. All plants contained cannabidiol (CBD), but only negligible concentrations of other cannabinoids. In approximately 80% of the plants the THC content was higher than the CBD content (drug type), while the rest either contained equal concentrations (intermediate type) or most CBD (fiber type).

Analytical Techniques for Phytocannabinoid Profiling of Cannabis and Cannabis-Based Products—A Comprehensive Review

“…Lower drying temperatures should be avoided, as they result in mould growth [ 71 ]. Despite this, drying is frequently performed at variety of temperatures and durations, such as at 135 °C, 2 h, 120 °C [ 72 ], 103 °C, 4 h [ 73 ], 65 °C, 16 h [ 74 ] or 48 h [ 75 , 76 ], 60 °C, 12 h [ 77 ], 40–50 °C [ 54 ], 40 °C,72 h [ 78 ], 48 h [ 17 , 79 ] or 24 h [ 74 , 80 , 81 ], 38 °C, 4–8 h [ 82 ], 35 °C, 24 h [ 83 ], 30–40 °C, 1–2 days [ 46 ], 30 °C [ 57 ] on forced ventilation oven, by natural ventilation at 32 °C for 60 h [ 84 ], at 30 °C overnight [ 52 ] or for 4 h [ 80 ] or air-dried at room temperature (20–22 °C) for 24 h [ 81 ], for 3 days [ 44 , 85 ], 6 days after harvesting [ 86 ], for 4 weeks [ 87 ] or until a residual humidity ≤12% is achieved [ 47 ].…”

“…Thus, acidic and neutral phytocannabinoids are not distinguishable, but rather the result is the sum of neutral cannabinoid present in the extract and neutral cannabinoid generated during decarboxylation. The issue is of no concern for studies aiming to quantify total THC (Δ 9 -THC and Δ 9 -THCA) levels, as it is the case with most of the GC-based studies included in this review without prior derivatization [ 9 , 17 , 18 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 63 , 67 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 79 , 81 , 82 , 85 , 86 , 89 , 93 , 96 , 98 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 105 , 108 , 115 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 128 , 138 , 139 , 141 , 148 , 150 , 152 , 154 , 155 ,…”

“…They contain aromatic, alkyl and alcohol moieties; it is expected that the proportion of phenyl groups in mixed dimethylpolysiloxane-silphenylene or mixed dimethylpolysiloxane-dimethyl-dimephenyl stationary phases to have an impact on their chromatographic separation. Wide employed thin-filmed capillary columns with non-polar stationary phases are used, such as 5%-diphenyl-dimethylpolysiloxane columns, including HP-5 (for FID) or HP-5MS (for MS) [ 50 , 52 , 57 , 58 , 62 , 70 , 85 , 89 , 91 , 94 , 101 , 103 , 104 , 126 , 133 , 141 , 142 , 154 , 156 ], DB-5MS [ 9 , 99 , 108 , 128 , 151 , 163 , 164 ], Rxi-5MS [ 73 ], Mega-5MS [ 146 ], BP-5 [ 45 ], RTX-5 [ 94 , 161 ], MDN-5S [ 91 ], SE-52 [ 128 ], ZB-5 [ 95 ], Zebron ZB-5HT Inferno [ 102 ] and SLB-5MS [ 152 ]. 100% dimethylpolysiloxane columns, such as HP-1 [ 10 , 109 , 112 , 165 ], SPB-1 [ 85 ], OV-1 [ 74 ] and DB-1 [ 17 , 23 , 7...…”

Consequences of Large-scale Production of Marijuana in Residential Buildings

“…Moisture release of potted plants varies from 7 to 15 g·h −1 [14]. Based on the moisture release rate of a related plant [15] and scaled for mass after Kaa [16], a full-grown marijuana plant was calculated to release 18 g·h −1 of water vapour (432 g·day −1 ). This value is consistent with an estimate by Christian [17].…”

Cloud point extraction of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol from cannabis resin

“…In previous studies, different organic solvents were used: using methanol as an extractant (5.0 g sample in 100 mL solvent), Kaa [54] found 0.26 % to 4.89 % THC in cannabis plants illicitly grown in Jutland (Denmark). Besides, with various procedures (e.g., Soxhlet [7] or shaking [55,56]), other authors used chloroform [55,56], petroleum ether, nhexane, ethyl acetate, or solvent mixtures: methanol:petroleum ether (1:9), methanol:chloroform (4:1 or 9:1).…”