Cannabis Recreational Legalization and Prevalence of Simultaneous Cannabis and Alcohol Use in the United States

Gonçalves, Priscila Dib; Levy, Natalie S.; Segura, Luís; Bruzelius, Emilie; Boustead, Anne E.; Hasin, Deborah S.; Mauro, Pia M.; Martins, Sílvia S.

doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07948-w

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…It is socially acceptable and normative to consume alcohol in group social situations (Gilson et al, 2023;Litt & Stock, 2011;Pedersen et al, 2017); cigarette smoking around others, on the other hand, has become less normative as clean indoor air laws have moved smoking outdoors and adolescent smoking prevalence has decreased (Johnston et al, 2021). Experimental and epidemiological studies suggest that cannabis is both a substitute and a complement for alcohol among adolescents (Gonçalves et al, 2022;Ito et al, 2021;Risso et al, 2020;Subbaraman, 2016), perhaps according to the social situation associated with use (Stevens et al, 2022). For example, planned simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis is associated with attending parties and using for social enhancement reasons among emerging adults (Stevens et al, 2022); use of cannabis "to have a good time" increases with decreasing age (Patrick et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“I Like the Vibes It Gives”: Adolescent Perspectives on Cannabis Billboards and Print Advertising in Nevada

Drake

Sloan

Anderson

et al. 2023

Journal of Drug Issues

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An influx of laws permitting recreational cannabis sales in the US has allowed for increased advertising. The purpose of this study was to describe how adolescents perceive outdoor and print cannabis advertising and to identify aspects of advertising that are appealing or eye-catching, focusing on five themes: price promotion, sex appeal, wellness, party, and text-only. We recruited adolescents ages 11–17 to participate in seven focus groups (44 participants) from 2019 to 2020. Participants viewed cannabis advertisements and responses were summarized using deductive thematic analysis. The party-themed advertisements were the most salient to participants, who desired to emulate the behaviors shown. Participants favored ads featuring young people and containing multiple colors. Participants disliked advertisements perceived to portray misleading or contradictory messages, such as the promotion of physical activity or use of sex appeal, and ads perceived to lack authenticity. Identification of youth appealing features can help inform cannabis advertising regulations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“I Like the Vibes It Gives”: Adolescent Perspectives on Cannabis Billboards and Print Advertising in Nevada

Drake

Sloan

Anderson

et al. 2023

Journal of Drug Issues

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“…Cannabis law data, including dates for the primary exposure-RCLs-was based on prior literature, as well as information from the Alcohol Policy Information System, Cannabis Policy Database and ProCon.org and are presented in Table 1 [11,[31][32][33][34][35]. From these sources, we also captured covariate legal information, including state medical cannabis legalization and decriminalization (removal of criminal penalties), inclusive of depenalization (removal of all penalties).…”

Section: Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational cannabis legalization and immigration enforcement: a state-level analysis of arrests and deportations in the United States, 2009–2020

Bruzelius,

Martins

2024

BMC Public Health

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Background Recreational cannabis laws (RCL) in the United States (US) can have important implications for people who are non-citizens, including those with and without formal documentation, and those who are refugees or seeking asylum. For these groups, committing a cannabis-related infraction, even a misdemeanor, can constitute grounds for status ineligibility, including arrest and deportation under federal immigration policy—regardless of state law. Despite interconnections between immigration and drug policy, the potential impacts of increasing state cannabis legalization on immigration enforcement are unexplored. Methods In this repeated cross-sectional analysis, we tested the association between state-level RCL adoption and monthly, state-level prevalence of immigration arrests and deportations related to cannabis possession. Data were from the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse. Immigration arrest information was available from Oct-2014 to May-2018 and immigration deportation information were available from Jan-2009 to Jun-2020 for. To test associations with RCLs, we fit Poisson fixed effects models that controlled for pre-existing differences between states, secular trends, and potential sociodemographic, sociopolitical, and setting-related confounders. Sensitivity analyses explored potential violations to assumptions and sensitivity to modeling specifications. Results Over the observation period, there were 7,739 immigration arrests and 48,015 deportations referencing cannabis possession. By 2020, 12 stated adopted recreational legalization and on average immigration enforcement was lower among RCL compared to non-RCL states. In primary adjusted models, we found no meaningful changes in arrest prevalence, either immediately following RCL adoption (Prevalence Ratio [PR]: 0.84; [95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.57, 1.11]), or 1-year after the law was effective (PR: 0.88 [CI: 0.56, 1.20]). For the deportation outcome, however, RCL adoption was associated with a moderate relative decrease in deportation prevalence in RCL versus non-RCL states (PR: 0.68 [CI: 0.56, 0.80]; PR 1-year lag: 0.68 [CI: 0.54, 0.82]). Additional analyses were mostly consistent by suggested some sensitivities to modeling specification. Conclusions Our findings suggest that decreasing penalties for cannabis possession through state RCLs may reduce some aspects of immigration enforcement related to cannabis possession. Greater attention to the immigration-related consequences of current drug control policies is warranted, particularly as more states weigh the public health benefits and drawbacks of legalizing cannabis.

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“…Co-use of alcohol and cannabis may be reflected in two distinct patterns of substance use: SAM (simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use) and CAM (concurrent alcohol and marijuana use). SAM involves using both substances close in time so that their effects overlap, whereas CAM refers to using both substances, but not necessarily on the same occasions ( Bravo et al, 2021 ; Gonçalves et al, 2022 ). Both patterns of use increase the vulnerability to negative consequences ( Jackson et al, 2020 ; Bravo et al, 2021 ), but SAM, with almost twice the prevalence of CAM ( Subbaraman and Kerr, 2015 ), is more deleterious and associated with more severe consequences than those related to CAM or alcohol-only use ( Jackson et al, 2020 ; Bravo et al, 2021 ; Gonçalves et al, 2022 ; Salguero et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the legalization of recreational cannabis, prevalence of simultaneous co-use has increased in adults ( Gonçalves et al, 2022 ). Recent estimates indicate that 20% percent of females who are current non-heavy drinkers use both alcohol and cannabis, whereas almost 50% of female heavy drinkers consume both drugs ( Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal alcohol and tetrahydrocannabinol exposure: Effects on spatial and working memory

2023

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IntroductionAlcohol and cannabis are widely used recreational drugs that can negatively impact fetal development, leading to cognitive impairments. However, these drugs may be used simultaneously and the effects of combined exposure during the prenatal period are not well understood. Thus, this study used an animal model to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol (EtOH), Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or the combination on spatial and working memory.MethodsPregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to vaporized ethanol (EtOH; 68 ml/h), THC (100 mg/ml), the combination, or vehicle control during gestational days 5–20. Adolescent male and female offspring were evaluated using the Morris water maze task to assess spatial and working memory.ResultsPrenatal THC exposure impaired spatial learning and memory in female offspring, whereas prenatal EtOH exposure impaired working memory. The combination of THC and EtOH did not exacerbate the effects of either EtOH or THC, although subjects exposed to the combination were less thigmotaxic, which might represent an increase in risk-taking behavior.DiscussionOur results highlight the differential effects of prenatal exposure to THC and EtOH on cognitive and emotional development, with substance- and sex-specific patterns. These findings highlight the potential harm of THC and EtOH on fetal development and support public health policies aimed at reducing cannabis and alcohol use during pregnancy.

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Cannabis Recreational Legalization and Prevalence of Simultaneous Cannabis and Alcohol Use in the United States

Cited by 9 publications

References 62 publications

“I Like the Vibes It Gives”: Adolescent Perspectives on Cannabis Billboards and Print Advertising in Nevada

“I Like the Vibes It Gives”: Adolescent Perspectives on Cannabis Billboards and Print Advertising in Nevada

Recreational cannabis legalization and immigration enforcement: a state-level analysis of arrests and deportations in the United States, 2009–2020

Prenatal alcohol and tetrahydrocannabinol exposure: Effects on spatial and working memory

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