Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history

Bonini, Sara Anna; Premoli, Marika; Tambaro, Simone; Kumar, Amit; Maccarinelli, Giuseppina; Memo, Maurizio; Mastinu, Andrea

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.004

Cited by 493 publications

(447 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…Automatic gain control (AGC) was set at 3e 6 , with an injection time of 200 ms. A targeted MS/MS (dd-MS 2 ) analysis operated in both positive and negative mode at 35,000 FWHM (m/z 200). The AGC target was programmed at 2e 5 , and maximum injection time was set at 100 ms. Fragmentation of precursors was optimized as three-stepped normalized collision energy (NCE) (20, 40 and 40 eV). Detection was based on retention time and on calculated exact mass of the protonated/deprotonated molecular ions, accompanied with fragmentation pattern [13].…”

Section: Cannabinoids Hplc-q-exactive-orbitrap-ms Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, different genotypes have been registered, along with standardized cultivation procedures [3]. Many ecologically, agronomically, and pharmaceutically positive properties qualify this multifunctional crop as an opportune raw material for various traditional (fiber, food, oil, medicine) or innovative industrial applications (new biomaterials and biofuels) [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Altitude on Phytochemical Composition of Hemp Inflorescence: A Metabolomic Approach

et al. 2020

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The phytochemical profiling of hemp inflorescences of clonal plants growing in different conditions related to altitude was investigated. Four strains of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., family Cannabaceae) of Kompolti variety were selected and cloned to provide genetically uniform material for analyses of secondary metabolites (terpenes, cannabinoids, and flavonoids) at two different elevations: mountain (Alagna Valsesia 1200 m ASL) and plains (Vercelli Province 130 m ASL). Environmental conditions influenced by elevation have proven to be important factors inducing variations in hemp inflorescences’ secondary metabolite composition. In fact, all plants grown at altitude exhibited a higher total amount of terpenes when compared with plains counterparts, with β-Myrcene, trans-Caryophyllene and α-Humulene as the main contributors. A metabolomic, un-targeted approach performed by HPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap®-MS platform with subsequent data processing performed by Compound Discoverer™ software, was crucial for the appropriate recognition of many metabolites, clearly distinguishing mountain from plains specimens. Cannabidiolic acid CBDA was the most abundant phytocannabinoid, with significantly higher concentrations in the mountain samples. The metabolic pathway of CBGA (considered as the progenitor/precursor of all cannabinoids) was also activated towards the production of CBCA, which occurs in considerably 3 times higher quantities than in the clones grown at high altitude. Isoprenoid flavones (Cannaflavins A, B, and C) were correspondingly upregulated in mountain samples, while apigenin turned out to be more abundant in plains samples. The possibility to use hemp inflorescences in pharmaceutical/nutraceutical applications opens new challenges to understand how hemp crops respond in terms of secondary metabolite production in various environments. In this regard, our results with the applied analytical strategy may constitute an effective way of phytochemical profiling hemp inflorescences.

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Section: Cannabinoids Hplc-q-exactive-orbitrap-ms Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Altitude on Phytochemical Composition of Hemp Inflorescence: A Metabolomic Approach

et al. 2020

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“…Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the main active substances in Cannabis sativa , and have several pharmacological targets that include both cannabinoid (CB) receptors (CB1 and CB2), the calcitonin gene‐related peptide orphan receptor, the ligand‐gated ion channels of human 5‐HT 3A receptors, and other additional ionic channels and enzymes . The action of THC and CBD on these targets is responsible for their therapeutic properties, ranging from pain relief to antiemetic, antiepileptic and anticraving effects …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse events following cannabis for medical use in Tuscany: An analysis of the Italian Phytovigilance database

Crescioli

Lombardi

Bettiol

et al. 2020

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Aims: Despite a significant increase in using cannabis for medical purposes, current evidence on its safety in real-world clinical practice is still poorly characterised. By a case-by-case analysis of spontaneous reports of suspected adverse events (AEs) collected in Tuscany within the Italian Phytovigilance database, the aim of the present study was to describe AEs occurred in patients exposed to medical cannabis. Methods: We evaluated all reports of cannabis-related suspected AEs collected within the Phytovigilance database up to December 2018. Information regarding cannabis therapy, patient's demographic and clinical characteristics, concomitant medications, AE description according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) classification, AE seriousness and AE outcome, were collected. The causality assessment was performed following World Health Organisation-Uppsala Monitoring Centre criteria.Results: Fifty-three cannabis-related AE reports were analysed. The majority of patients were females (77.3%), with a mean age of 61.9 years. Thirty-nine (73.6%) cases were defined as nonserious and the majority of them (86.9%) showed a complete resolution or improvement. Forty-six (86.8%) cases were judged as probably related to cannabis consumption. The most frequently reported system organ class was psychiatric and nervous system disorders, and a potential drug-drug interaction was present in 16 cases. Conclusion:Cannabis was generally well tolerated and the majority of AEs were mild and transient. Our analysis highlighted important safety issues for clinical practice, in particular the need for an accurate prescription monitoring during the titration phase, particularly in the presence of concomitant medications. K E Y W O R D Sadverse drug reactions, clinical pharmacology, drug safety, general practice, medical cannabis Giada Crescioli and Niccolò Lombardi are co-first authors.

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“…Also, there has been as increase in potency of cannabis over the past 20 years due to the novel ways of cultivating and production of synthetic substances which enhance the possibility of greater adverse effects among users [25,26]. The effects of delta9THC are due to its action on cannabinoid receptors CBr1 and CBr2 -widely distributed throughout various organs and tissues that, together with endogenously produced cannabionids and the regulatory enzymes of synthesis and degradation, constitute the endocannabinoid system (ECS) [19,27]. The ECS is a neuromodulatory system, detected from the earliest embryonic stage and throughout preand postnal development, responsible for several controls related to the regulation of many important function, since its receptors has been found to play a key role in neuronal progenitor cell proliferation, pyramidal specification, axon pattering modulation of dendritic arbor, and promotion of neuronal differentiation [5,20,28,29].…”

Section: Cannabis Cannabinoids and Endocannabinoid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis “in utero”: the fetus as a compulsive consumer

Ciampo

2019

ijmsci

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Cannabis sativa, a plant known for millennia for its hallucinogenic and medicinal effects, contains widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide, with increasing numbers among adolescents and adults, including pregnant women. Due to its potential adverse effects on users, it is of fundamental importance to know and disseminate the harm caused to humans in order to reduce the consumption of this drug. This article presents a review of the physiological and pharmacological characteristics of psychoactive substances present in cannabis, their actions on the endocannabinoid system and the placenta. It also highlights the main clinical repercussions that can occur with the fetus and, in the long run, with children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy.

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Cannabis sativa: A comprehensive ethnopharmacological review of a medicinal plant with a long history

Cited by 493 publications

References 171 publications

Influence of Altitude on Phytochemical Composition of Hemp Inflorescence: A Metabolomic Approach

Influence of Altitude on Phytochemical Composition of Hemp Inflorescence: A Metabolomic Approach

Adverse events following cannabis for medical use in Tuscany: An analysis of the Italian Phytovigilance database

Cannabis “in utero”: the fetus as a compulsive consumer

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