Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the U.S.: A review

Carliner, Hannah; Brown, Qiana L.; Sarvet, Aaron L.; Hasin, Deborah S.

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.07.008

Cited by 449 publications

(330 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The use of cannabis for recreational purposes is considerable . Further, medical use of cannabis is on the rise, as it has been proposed to provide some relief for pain disorders, vomiting and nausea .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between warfarin and cannabis

Damkier

Lassen

Christensen

et al. 2018

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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Delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis, may inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2C9. Consequently, cannabis use might infer a risk of drug‐drug interaction with substrates for this enzyme, which includes drugs known to have a narrow therapeutic window. In this study, we describe a case report of a 27‐year‐old man treated with warfarin due to mechanical heart valve replacement who presented with elevated international normalized ratio (INR) value (INR = 4.6) following recreational cannabis use. We conducted a review of the available literature, using the PubMed and EMBASE databases while following PRISMA guidelines. Following screening of 85 articles, three eligible articles were identified, including one in vitro study and two case reports. The in vitro study indicated that THC inhibits the CYP2C9‐mediated metabolism of warfarin. One case study reported of a man who on two occasions of increased marijuana use experienced INR values above 10 as well as bleeding. The other case study reported of a patient who initiated treatment with a liquid formulation of cannabidiol for the management of epilepsy, ultimately necessitating a 30% reduction in warfarin dose to maintain therapeutic INR values. The available, although sparse, data suggest that use of cannabinoids increases INR values in patients receiving warfarin. Until further data are available, we suggest patients receiving warfarin be warned against cannabis use.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between warfarin and cannabis

Damkier

Lassen

Christensen

et al. 2018

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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“…Cannabis is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs and is also utilized for its medical properties (Carliner, Brown, Sarvet, & Hasin, ; Davis, ). The primary psychoactive compound of cannabis is delta 9‐tetrahydrocannabinol that activates cannabinoid receptors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychotic disorders hospitalizations associated with cannabis abuse or dependence: A nationwide big data analysis

Gonçalves‐Pinho

Bragança

2019

Int J Methods Psych Res

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Objectives We aimed to describe and correlate the hospital panorama of psychotic disorders (PD) with cannabis use (CU) trends in all Portuguese public hospitals. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study that analysed all hospitalizations that occurred in Portuguese public hospitals from 2000 to 2015. Hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of PD or schizophrenia were selected based on Clinical Classification Software diagnostic single‐level 659. Episodes associated with CU were identified by the International Classification of Diseases Version 9, Clinical Modification code 304.3/305.2 that correspond to cannabis dependence/cannabis abuse. Results The number of hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of PD and schizophrenia associated with CU rose 29.4 times during the study period, from 20 to 588 hospitalizations yearly (2000 and 2015, respectively) with a total of 3,233 hospitalizations and an average episode cost of €3,500. Male patients represented 89.8% of all episodes, and the mean/median age at discharge were 30.66/29.00 years, respectively. From all hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of PD or schizophrenia, the ones with a secondary diagnosis of CU rose from 0.87% in 2000 to 10.60% in 2015. Conclusions The increase on secondary diagnosis coding and the change on cannabis patterns of consumption in Portuguese population with an increasing frequency of moderate/high dosage cannabis consumers may explain the rise on PD hospitalizations.

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“…Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, with an estimated 22.2 million past‐month users aged 12 years or older in 2015 . Since 1996, laws allowing medicinal marijuana use have been passed in 29 states, the District of Columbia (DC), Guam and Puerto Rico, and laws allowing recreational use and sales of marijuana for adults aged 21 and over have been passed in 8 states and DC since 2012 . As more states consider legalising marijuana use among adults, it is important to fully understand the effects of marijuana use on individual‐ and population‐level health …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on neuropsychological outcomes in children aged 1‐11 years: A systematic review

Sharapova

Phillips

Sirocco

et al. 2018

Paediatric Perinatal Epid

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Background. Normalization of medicinal and recreational marijuana use has increased the importance of fully understanding effects of marijuana use on individual- and population-level health, including prenatal exposure effects on child development. We undertook a systematic review of the literature to examine the long-term effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on neuropsychological function in children aged 1–11 years. Methods. Primary research publications were searched from Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, CINAHL EbscoHost, Cochrane Library, Global Health, and ERIC (1980–2018). Eligible articles documented neuropsychological outcomes in children 1–11 years who had been prenatally exposed to marijuana. Studies of exposure to multiple prenatal drugs were included if results for marijuana exposure were reported separately from other substances. Data abstraction was independently performed by two reviewers using a standardized protocol. Results. The eligible articles (n=21) on data from seven independent longitudinal studies, had high quality based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Some analyses found associations (p<0.05) between prenatal marijuana exposure and decreased performance on memory, impulse control, problem solving, quantitative reasoning, verbal development, and visual analysis tests; as well as increased performance on attention and global motion perception tests. Limitations included concurrent use of other substances among study participants, potential underreporting and publication biases, non-generalizable samples, and limited published results preventing direct comparison of analyses. Conclusions. The specific effects of prenatal marijuana exposure remain unclear and warrant further research. The larger number of neuropsychological domains that exhibit decreased versus increased psychological and behavioral functions suggest that exposure to marijuana may be harmful for brain development and function.

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Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the U.S.: A review

Cited by 449 publications

References 84 publications

Interaction between warfarin and cannabis

Interaction between warfarin and cannabis

Psychotic disorders hospitalizations associated with cannabis abuse or dependence: A nationwide big data analysis

Effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on neuropsychological outcomes in children aged 1‐11 years: A systematic review

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