Cannibalism in a Size-Structured Population: Energy Extraction and Control

Persson, Lennart; Claessen, David; Roos, André M. de; Byström, Pär; Sjögren, Stefan; Svanbäck, Richard; Wahlström, Eva; Westman, Erika

doi:10.1890/02-4092

Cited by 81 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…It is unclear, however, how prevalent cannibalism is under natural conditions. Most cannibalism among amblypygids is size-structured or assumed so, such that ontogenetically asymmetric predation is the norm (Persson et al 2004). Some amblypygid species, however, also cannibalize as an resolution to contests (Chapin 2015).…”

Section: Interspecific Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behavioral ecology of amblypygids

Chapin¹,

Hebets

2016

Journal of Arachnology

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Section: Interspecific Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The behavioral ecology of amblypygids

Chapin¹,

Hebets

2016

Journal of Arachnology

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“…Decreased YOY growth in the presence of cannibals could affect population dynamics by (1) offsetting compensatory growth responses in thinned cohorts (e.g., Persson et al 2004a, Craig et al 2006, (2) reducing winter survival as a result of low body mass (Jørgensen 1992, Pope andMatthews 2002), (3) increasing body size variation, hence asymmetric competition within cohorts (Ziemba et al 2000, Peacor et al 2007, and (4) determining whether larvae mature into metamorphic or paedomorphic adults (Whiteman 1994). Injury could also affect population dynamics by diverting resources for growth to regeneration (Harris 1989) and increasing the incidence of skin disease (e.g., Walls and Jaeger 1987).…”

Section: Nonconsumptive Effects Of Cannibals On Victimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cannibalism is widespread in nature (Fox 1975, Polis 1981, Elgar and Crespi 1992, Woodward and Hildrew 2002, especially in size-structured populations where it has consequences for community and food web dynamics (Woodward et al 2005, Rudolf 2007a, b, 2008 and population regulation (e.g., Diekmann et al 1986, Hastings and Constantino 1991, Claessen et al 2004, Persson et al 2004a. When cannibals and victims are in different year classes or life stages (e.g., adults and larvae), dominant cohorts of cannibals can regulate recruitment (Gaines and Roughgarden 1985, Hastings and Constantino 1987, McCauley and Murdoch 1987, Van Buskirk 1992.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Negative density dependence and recruitment regulation by cannibalism have been best studied in Tribolium beetles (Park et al 1965, Mertz 1972, Benoıˆt et al 1998) and predatory fishes (Donovan et al 1997, Juanes 2003, Post 2003, Andersson et al 2007). In both cases, whether cannibalism stabilizes or destabilizes populations depends on an interplay between the positive effects on cannibal growth and fecundity and negative effects on victim survival and growth (Hastings and Constantino 1991, Claessen and de Roos 2003, Persson et al 2004a. That interplay depends in part on the strength of competition between cannibals and victims and in part on the size window of vulnerability; i.e., the size thresholds that determine which age classes interact as cannibals and victims (Claesson et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of cannibalism in fluctuating age‐structured populations

Wissinger

Whiteman

Denoël

et al. 2010

Ecology

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Abstract. Theory and empirical studies suggest that cannibalism in age-structured populations can regulate recruitment depending on the intensity of intraspecific competition between cannibals and victims and the nature of the cannibalism window, i.e., which size classes interact as cannibals and victims. Here we report on a series of experiments that quantify that window for age-structured populations of salamander larvae and paedomorphic adults. We determined body size limits on cannibalism in microcosms and then the consumptive and nonconsumptive (injuries, foraging and activity, diet, growth) effects on victims in mesocosms with seminatural levels of habitat complexity and alternative prey. We found that cannibalism by the largest size classes (paedomorphs and !age 3þ yr larvae) occurs mainly on young-of-the-year (YOY) victims. Surviving YOY and other small larvae had increased injuries, reduced activity levels, and reduced growth rates in the presence of cannibals. Data on YOY survival in an experiment in which we manipulated the density of paedomorphs combined with historical data on the number of cannibals in natural populations indicate that dominant cohorts of paedomorphs can cause observed recruitment failures. Dietary data indicate that ontogenetic shifts in diet should preclude strong intraspecific competition between YOY and cannibals in this species. Thus our results are consistent with previous empirical and theoretical work that suggests that recruitment regulation by cannibalism is most likely when YOY are vulnerable to cannibalism but have low dietary overlap with cannibals. Understanding the role of cannibalism in regulating recruitment in salamander populations is timely, given the widespread occurrences of amphibian decline. Previous studies have focused on extrinsic (including anthropogenic) factors that affect amphibian population dynamics, whereas the data presented here combined with long-term field observations suggest the potential for intrinsically driven population cycles.

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“…Under this scenario, paedomorphosis is predicted to be negatively density-dependent, with the frequency of larvae becoming paedomorphic decreasing as salamander density increases. Both competitive and predatory interactions will vary with size structure (Werner and Gilliam 1984;Wissinger 1989;Van Buskirk and Smith 1991;Persson et al 2000Persson et al , 2004 and thus could subsequently impact the expression of paedomorphosis. The paedomorph advantage hypothesis predicts that paedomorphosis will be negatively related to population size structure, as estimated by size variation; as size variation increases, a greater proportion of larvae should metamorphose to escape competition with larger individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larval growth in polyphenic salamanders: making the best of a bad lot

et al. 2011

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Polyphenisms are excellent models for studying phenotypic variation, yet few studies have focused on natural populations. Facultative paedomorphosis is a polyphenism in which salamanders either metamorphose or retain their larval morphology and eventually become paedomorphic. Paedomorphosis can result from selection for capitalizing on favorable aquatic habitats (paedomorph advantage), but could also be a default strategy under poor aquatic conditions (best of a bad lot). We tested these alternatives by quantifying how the developmental environment influences the ontogeny of wild Arizona tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum). Most paedomorphs in our study population arose from slow-growing larvae that developed under high density and size-structured conditions (best of a bad lot), although a few faster-growing larvae also became paedomorphic (paedomorph advantage). Males were more likely to become paedomorphs than females and did so under a greater range of body sizes than females, signifying a critical role for gender in this polyphenism. Our results emphasize that the same phenotype can be adaptive under different environmental and genetic contexts and that studies of phenotypic variation should consider multiple mechanisms of morph production.

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Cannibalism in a Size-Structured Population: Energy Extraction and Control

Cited by 81 publications

References 51 publications

The behavioral ecology of amblypygids

The behavioral ecology of amblypygids

Consumptive and nonconsumptive effects of cannibalism in fluctuating age‐structured populations

Larval growth in polyphenic salamanders: making the best of a bad lot

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