Canola pollination: an update

Westcott, Lynn; Nelson, Don H.

doi:10.1080/0005772x.2001.11099514

Cited by 53 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Although honeybees prefer pure sucrose to pure glucose or fructose solutions, the latter are unlikely to occur in floral nectars and mixtures are more appropriate in preference tests. In field situations, nectars rich in hexose sugars, such as those of sunflower, canola or Eucalyptus species, are highly attractive to bees (Neff & Simpson 1990;Nicolson 1994;Westcott & Nelson 2001). Moreover, there is considerable evidence that nectar sugar composition may be determined by plant phylogeny rather than pollinator preferences (Nicolson 2007b).…”

Section: Sugarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee food: the chemistry and nutritional value of nectar, pollen and mixtures of the two

2011

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Bees are herbivorous insects, consuming nectar and pollen throughout their life cycles. This paper is a brief review of the chemistry of these two floral resources and the implications for bee nutrition. Nectar is primarily an energy source, but in addition to sugars contains various minor constituents that may, directly or indirectly, have nutritional significance. Pollen provides bees with the protein, lipids, vitamins and minerals that are essential for larval rearing. Chemical analyses of pollen have tended to focus on the protein component of bee-collected pollens as an index of nutritional quality. However, the substantial nectar content of such samples (~50% dry mass) should not be ignored, especially in view of current interest in measuring the nutritional quality of floral resources for bees.

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Section: Sugarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee food: the chemistry and nutritional value of nectar, pollen and mixtures of the two

2011

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“…9.3 AE 0.5 kg pollen per ha per day, Westcott and Nelson, 2001) over a period of approximately 4-5 weeks. The dispersal of the pollen is a stochastic process where the majority of the pollen grain are dispersed over a short distance (Lavigne et al, 1998).…”

Section: Analysis Of Gene Flowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene flow of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) according to isolation distance and buffer zone

Damgaard¹,

Kjellsson²

2005

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment

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The introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops in the EU has raised questions concerning gene dispersal and coexistence with non-GM-farming. Quantitative estimates of the gene dispersal from fields with GM-crops to fields with conspecific non-GM-crops (conventional or organic) are therefore needed in order to suggest isolation distances and other management strategies to keep GM-pollination below acceptable threshold values. A meta-analysis of available gene-flow data for oilseed rape (Brassica napus) was performed. The probability distribution that seeds of non-GM-oilseed rape are fertilised by foreign pollen grains from a neighbouring field of GM-oilseed rape is modelled as functions of the width of the recipient (i.e. pollen receiving) field and the distance to the pollen donor fields. Furthermore, the significance of using a buffer zone (removal of a 1-5 m border of a recipient field parallel to the pollen donor field) to reduce GM-pollination of the crop, is quantified and discussed. The predicted median and 95% credibility level of the probability of foreign pollination is calculated as a function of the width of the recipient field and the buffer zone, as well as the distance between fields. Analysis of different management strategies shows that an increasing isolation distance is more effective to reduce GM-pollen dispersal than the use of a buffer zone, especially for small recipient fields. The analysis shows that increasing the width of a recipient oilseed rape field, relative to the pollen donor field, will have a large effect on reducing the average level of fertilisation by foreign pollen within the recipient field. The results indicate that a GM-pollination percentage <0.1% will be possible if the isolation distance exceeds 100 m and the width of the non-GM-field is larger than 200 m. If a threshold value of 0.3% is acceptable, an isolation distance of 50 m should be sufficient even for smaller fields. The use of a 5 m discarded buffer zone surrounding the non-GM-field is expected to reduce GM-pollination by about a third. The implications of the results for field management in conventional and organic farming are discussed. #

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“…Oilseed rape is a predominantly self-pollinated crop with about one-third outcrossing (Becker et al, 1992). Pollen transport by insects, wind, or gravity as vectors is necessary (Williams, 1978;Eisikowitch, 1981;Free, 1993;Westcott and Nelson, 2001). Earlier studies have shown that the insect pollination of oilseed rape can lead to higher seed set and yield (Williams and Simpkins, 1989;Westcott and Nelson, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier studies have shown that the insect pollination of oilseed rape can lead to higher seed set and yield (Williams and Simpkins, 1989;Westcott and Nelson, 2001). However, these effects are dependent on cultivar, environmental growing conditions, and the compensatory capacity of the crop (Williams et al, 1987;Mesquida et al, 1988;Free, 1993;Westcott and Nelson, 2001). Further replicated experiments comparing yields with and without bees are still needed (Williams et al, 1987;Mesquida et al, 1988;Kevan and Phillips, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pollen transport by insects, wind, or gravity as vectors is necessary (Williams, 1978;Eisikowitch, 1981;Free, 1993;Westcott and Nelson, 2001). Earlier studies have shown that the insect pollination of oilseed rape can lead to higher seed set and yield (Williams and Simpkins, 1989;Westcott and Nelson, 2001). However, these effects are dependent on cultivar, environmental growing conditions, and the compensatory capacity of the crop (Williams et al, 1987;Mesquida et al, 1988;Free, 1993;Westcott and Nelson, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seed set of male-sterile and male-fertile oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in relation to pollinator density

Steffan‐Dewenter

2003

Apidologie

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-The effects of pollinator density on the seed set of a male-sterile (MS) and a male-fertile (MF) line of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were studied in 24 isolation cages (7.5 m 2 ). Pollinator treatments comprised of high pollinator density (a small honeybee colony and 10 mason bees, Osmia rufa), and a gradient of increasing O. rufa densities from zero (control) up to 100 bees per cage. High pollinator densities increased the seed weight per plant from 6.5 g to 56.9 g for the MS line. However seed weight did not differ between high pollinator densities and controls for the MF line. Increasing densities of O. rufa had a significant effect on almost all yield components of the MS line, but only marginal effects on the MF line. The number of seeds per pod, the seed weight per plant and the harvest index (seed weight/plant dry weight) of the MS line showed a significantly steeper increase with increasing bee density than that of the MF line. The results suggest that solitary bees could be used successfully to replace honeybees as pollinators of MS oilseed rape in isolation cages.Brassica napus / Osmia rufa / Apis mellifera / pollination / plant breeding

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Canola pollination: an update

Cited by 53 publications

References 48 publications

Bee food: the chemistry and nutritional value of nectar, pollen and mixtures of the two

Bee food: the chemistry and nutritional value of nectar, pollen and mixtures of the two

Gene flow of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) according to isolation distance and buffer zone

Seed set of male-sterile and male-fertile oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in relation to pollinator density

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