Canopy Development, Light and Spray Penetration in Golden Delicious Trees in Four Management Systems

Ferree, D. C.; Hall, Franklin R.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.1981.114.8

Cited by 25 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…In the 8th leaf stage, the highest density of all canopy systems still had the highest cumulative yield. Other studies, mainly in apples, reported that in the early life of an orchard, yield is related to tree density (Ferree, 1980;Wertheim et al, 1986). Similar results are now available for sweet cherry High density planting systems of European plums 55 (Balmer, 1998;Meland, 1998) and for plums (Mika et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

High density planting systems of European plums – the effect of growth and productivity of three cultivars after nine years

Meland¹

2005

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Sc

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An intensive field planting of 'Edda', 'Opal' and 'Mallard' plum trees (Prunus domestica L.) all grafted on the semidwarf rootstock St. Julien A was established in 1993 at Ullensvang Research Centre, western Norway at 608 North. Four different single row planting systems (vertical axis, free spindle, hedgerow and Y-trellis) and three planting densities (0.5, 1.0, 1.5)/4 m for the Y-trellis and hedge trees and 2.0)/4 m for the central leader trees) were evaluated. This field planting gave a rapid canopy development and crop yields at early tree age. Trunk cross sectional area of the trees increased with increasing tree spacing. 'Opal' was the most vigorous cultivar. During the first four cropping years, the yields/ha were positively correlated with tree density. After nine years, cumulative yield per ha was highest on the Y-trellis and hedge trees with the highest density (5000 trees per ha). The two central leaders showed similar yield pattern, but yielded less than the two other systems. Plums produced on these canopy systems showed minor differences in the average fruit weights, and no significant differences were found among the spacings. The soluble solid contents of the plums were in general high. Neither planting density nor system had much impact on the sugar content of these cultivars. 'Opal' had significantly smaller plums and lower contents of soluble solids than the two other cultivars.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

High density planting systems of European plums – the effect of growth and productivity of three cultivars after nine years

Meland¹

2005

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Sc

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“…All three planting systems exhibited orchard canopy growth, floral precocity, and initial yields which substantially exceeded productivity from comparable Northern Hemisphere studies (Ferree 1980;Lespinasse&Delort 1986;Barrittetal. 1991;Robinson et al 1991) and equalled productivity from ultra-intensive planting systems studies conducted under Mediterranean conditions (Costa et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Leaf number was counted in each region of each tree. Every 100th leaf was sampled and classified as either a spur leaf, bourse leaf, or shoot leaf (Ferree 1980). Leaf area of sampled leaves was measured using a Licor LI 3100 Area Meter.…”

Section: Leaf Area Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pomological and physiological characteristics of Slender Pyramid central leader apple (Malus domestica) planting systems grown on intermediate vigour, semi‐dwarfing, and dwarfing rootstocks

Tustin¹,

Cashmore

Bensley

2001

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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Three apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) planting systems utilising medium vigour (MM. 106, 5.0 × 3.0 m), semi-dwarf (M.26, 4.0 × 2.0 m), or dwarf (Mark, 4.0 × 2.0 m) rootstocks were compared using pomological and physiological attributes affecting productivity and fruit quality of the cultivar 'Fuji'. All planting systems were grown using Slender Pyramid tree management. Individual tree size increased with rootstock vigour, but canopy development per unit land area was similar for planting systems on MM. 106 and M.26. Light interception was up to 50% less in the Mark dwarf tree system which corresponded to small tree size and limited canopy growth once cropping began. Leaf area index of the dwarf tree system on Mark was 1.9, half that of systems on MM. 106 and M.26, whereas leaf area density of 3.7, was more than 50% higher than for the other systems. Irradiance reaching the lower inner canopy region of trees was most affected by canopy aspect with highest irradiance in the eastern sector and lowest in the southern sector for all planting systems. Floral precocity of trees on all rootstocks was not limiting to production but was proportionally higher on trees grown on Mark rootstock. Yield in the first cropping year (third season) was greatest for planting systems with highest tree density although the Mark dwarf tree system had the highest initial production. Continued canopy growth in the systems on MM.106 and M.26 resulted in higher yields than from the Mark planting system from the fourth year onwards. Peak yields within 6 or 7 years reached 110 t/ha. Highest cumulative yields occurred with the M.26 semi-dwarf planting system. The proportion of fruit achieving export quality standard was lowest from the intermediate vigour MM. 106 planting system. Inadequate fruit red colour was the most common quality defect. Performance of these alternative planting systems is discussed in relation to the physiological requirements for optimising the efficiency of apple planting systems.

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“…However, maximum commercial yields and maximum fruit quality are also dependent on establishing and maintaining canopy forms that provide adequate light to all potential fruit-bearing sites throughout the tree. This is because fruit size, colour, and internal quality attributes, such as soluble solids concentration, are all highly dependent on the localised light environment within a tree canopy (Palmer & Jackson 1974;Ferree 1980;Jackson 1980;Lakso 1980;Robinson etal. 1983;Morgan et al 1984;Barritt et al 1987;Tustin et al 1988;Warrington et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pruning strategies for restructuring top‐dominant central leader ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees

Warrington

Stanley

Julian

et al. 1995

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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Eighteen-year-old, top-dominant central leader trees of 'Granny Smith' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were restructured during the 1987 and 1988 dormant seasons into either palmette central leader (initially) or pyramid central leader forms. In the palmette form, pruning was restricted to the total removal of the uppermost east-and westfacing fruiting scaffolds in 1987, and the shortening of all middle scaffolds and the upper north-facing scaffold in 1988. In the pyramid form, major scaffold limbs were subjectively removed or shortened to reestablish the desired pyramid shape over the two H94049 Received 3 August 1994; accepted 8 May 1995 dormant seasons. Both forms were also renewal pruned annually to totally remove pendant fruiting laterals and spur-bearing wood over 4 years old. In addition, unmodified top-dominant trees that were either renewal pruned or containment pruned (primarily heading cuts) were maintained for comparison with the restructuring treatments. The restructuring treatments resulted in improved light penetration to the lower and inner canopy regions, improved spur quality, and in a greater proportion (50% cf. 30%) of the fruit being borne in the lower half of the tree. Cumulative yield over the 3 years of study was not reduced in the restructured trees in comparison with the containment-pruned topdominant trees and was reduced by only 20% in comparison with the renewal-pruned top-dominant trees. Mean fruit size in both the upper and lower tree regions was not altered by the restructuring treatments. Renewal pruning alone compared with containment pruning resulted in a total yield gain of 28% and an 8% increase of mean fruit size in the lower canopy but did not lead to a redistribution of fruit within the tree. Major upper canopy restructuring combined with annual renewal pruning, therefore, achieved the greatest gains in both yield, and fruit size along with improved fruit distribution within the tree.

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Canopy Development, Light and Spray Penetration in Golden Delicious Trees in Four Management Systems

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

High density planting systems of European plums – the effect of growth and productivity of three cultivars after nine years

High density planting systems of European plums – the effect of growth and productivity of three cultivars after nine years

Pomological and physiological characteristics of Slender Pyramid central leader apple (Malus domestica) planting systems grown on intermediate vigour, semi‐dwarfing, and dwarfing rootstocks

Pruning strategies for restructuring top‐dominant central leader ‘Granny Smith’ apple trees

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