Cantilever creep method for testing ceramic composites and a case study for chemically bonded phosphate ceramic composites reinforced with glass, carbon and basalt fibers, including both experiments and simulations

Abstract

This paper presented the cantilever beam experiments and the method for creep in chemically bonded ceramics reinforced with glass, carbon, and basalt unidirectional fibers. The ceramic composite samples were fabricated by mixing wollastonite powder and phosphoric acid, through the resonant acoustic mixing technique. The reinforced fibers were added via pultrusion process. The manufactured materials were exposed to high temperature creep tests at 600, 800 and 1000℃, with an annealing time of 1 h, all in air environment. Some examples of real large-scale structures made manually by a company were also included. In order to understand the microstructure, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis were included. The presented method is simple and can be used in any inorganic ceramic slurry types, such as geopolymers, phosphate cements, clay-based materials, or Portland cement composites. The sample response in high temperature creep experiments was analyzed with a new but very simple technique, and modeled using finite element analysis over all compositions. Results revealed that fibers have a significant effect on the composite creep when compared to the ceramic without reinforcement, and particularly carbon fibers showed a quite interested effect in reducing the creep effects. Results show the limit of the materials under conditions typically found in fires and other extreme environments.

A hybrid composite for structural applications made of rubber waste tires and calcium phosphate cement

“…These two images show the nature of interaction rubber‐phosphate cement, basically revealing a good adhesion between these two materials, which is mainly based on a good mechanical interlocking. This is also a consequence of the good nature of the phosphate cement for impregnating interfaces 12,19 ; and also due to the roughness of the rubber particles, which can be observed in Figures S2 and S3. Moreover, pores in Figure S2 are well impregnated by the cement and really well impregnated interface rubber‐cement is shown in Figure S3.…”

“…5 From all these tires, 72% are treated via incineration and sanitary landfills; 17% are retreaded; 6% have an artisanal use; and 5% are used in diverse applications such as reengraving. 6,7 Phosphate cements have been used in many applications including nuclear waste stabilization, 8,9 biomedicine, 10 bioengineering, 11 high temperature, 12 construction materials, 13 coatings, 14 environmental remediation, 15 and additive manufacturing. 16 The main advantage of using phosphate cements is the fast setting and high strength when compared with other traditional cements.…”

“…17 Because of this, they do not require heavy aggregates like regular concrete, which make them light weight and thus useful for construction panels. 12 These ceramic materials have been poorly explored in combination with polymers, which are another group of materials typically used in panels and another lightweight applications. On the other hand, there is an increasing need to develop new processes and products that use recycled rubber coming from car tires, as a strategy to decrease the pollution effects caused for this part of the automobile industry.…”

“…The main advantage of using phosphate cements is the fast setting and high strength when compared with other traditional cements 17 . Because of this, they do not require heavy aggregates like regular concrete, which make them light weight and thus useful for construction panels 12 . These ceramic materials have been poorly explored in combination with polymers, which are another group of materials typically used in panels and another lightweight applications.…”

“…Thus, this study aims to develop a construction laminar hybrid composite, made of a phosphate cement layer with a rubber tire based sheet. This polymeric layer is fabricated with ground rubber particles from tire waste, and a polyurethane resin used a binder, where the adhesion between the phosphate and the polymeric layers plays a key role in the final properties, in order to be used as construction and building material 12,19‐21 . This particular interface is challenging since almost all important properties are (adhesion, strength, elastic modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, reactivity, etc.)…”