CaO from chicken eggshell supported on activated carbon and KOH (CaO/C/KOH) as catalyst for biodiesel production from off grade palm oil

Abstract

This study carried out the catalyst synthesis of calcium oxide (CaO) from chicken eggshells supported on activated carbon (C) and activated by KOH solution (CaO/C/KOH). The effects of variation of KOH concentration and the CaO:C mass ratio to catalyst performance were also investigated. The catalyst was used in the biodiesel production from off-grade palm oil. The catalyst with the highest catalytic activity was obtained at the CaO:C mass ratio of 12:6 and the KOH concentration of 25%. The transesterification that was performed under the conditions of the oil: methanol molar ratio of 1:10, the catalyst concentration of 1% -b oil, the reaction temperature of 65 °C, and reaction time of 3 hours produced a biodiesel yield of 85.74%. The catalyst characterization by using XRD, Hammet indicator, and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) showed the product was in the crystalline phase of CaO, K2CO3, K2O Ca(OH)2, and CaCO3, the base strength of H_> 12.2, and the specific surface area of 17.890 m2/g, respectively. The results showed that the KOH concentration in the catalyst activation process was directly proportional to the biodiesel yield. Several methyl esters such as methyl palmitate and methyl oleate were found in biodiesel through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.

Eco-Friendly Approach to Palm Oil Biodiesel Production: Torrefied Palm Frond Carbon as a Source for CaO/C/NaOH Catalysts

“…The findings of this investigation demonstrate that the activated carbon-impregnated CaO has a greater surface area. Helwani et al [28] prepared CaO/C/KOH catalysts by impregnation with KOH, followed by calcination at 500°C, resulting in a catalyst surface area of 7.890 m 2 /g. The CaO/NaOH catalyst surface area values measured in this study from palm fronds are comparatively close to those from previous studies.…”

Low-cost diatomite supported binary transition metal sulfates: an efficient reusable solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis

“…52,53 Some diatomite supported basic heterogeneous compounds, such as diatomite supported CaO/MgO and diatomite-supported KOH, have been developed for biodiesel preparation. [54][55][56] In addition, the cost of diatomite is usually much lower than that of other supports such as zeolite, 57,58 alumina, 59,60 activated carbon 61,62 and so on. The price of diatomite reported online is about RMB 2200 per ton, whereas activated carbon is usually RMB 4500-16 000 per ton, alumina is about RMB 7200 per ton, and zeolite is about RMB 9000 per ton.…”

“…In addition, the cost of diatomite is usually much lower than that of other supports such as zeolite, 57,58 alumina, 59,60 activated carbon 61,62 and so on. The price of diatomite reported online is about RMB 2200 per ton, whereas activated carbon is usually RMB 4500–16 000 per ton, alumina is about RMB 7200 per ton, and zeolite is about RMB 9000 per ton.…”