Capability of social life cycle assessment for analyzing the artisanal small-scale gold mining sector—case study in the Amazonian rainforest in Brazil

Abstract

Purpose Gold extraction in the Amazonian rainforest is accompanied by ecological threats and social grievances, but at the same time, the artisanal small-scale gold mining sector (ASGM) provides a livelihood for many people. To address this tradeoff, this paper analyzed the social aspects and their possible relations by conducting a case study based on a Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA). This study seeks to determine whether SLCA is capable of reflecting the sector. Method A literature-based guideline was used for collecting primary data during several field trips to the Tapajós Region in Brazil. This research instrument constituted the basis for information-oriented interviews and on-site observations. The SLCA categories used in this study were based on the United Nations Environment Programme and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (UNEP/SETAC) guidelines and the categories in the Fairmined Standard. In addition, secondary data obtained from the literature were used to provide insights into the sector. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis with both deductive and inductive approaches. Results and discussion This study described the social aspects of the ASGM sector in the Tapajós Region, including the absence of the state, the illegality and informality of mining operations, the remote and rural area, and the organizational structure. In addition, the extraction methods, poor working conditions, and difficult living conditions were considered. Certain characteristics of the industry like unstable payments, worker movements, and low education levels were recognized, and thus, the relations among the social categories and rebound effects were identified. Several issues were proven to be key factors: unstable payments, autonomy, and the rebound effects of excavators. Complex relations among social issues but also towards ecological and economic issues do exist. The suitability of using the SLCA to reflect the ASGM sector was tested on this basis. Conclusion In some respects, the SLCA had limitations, e.g., due to the nonlinear relation between working hours and the amount of extracted gold. The impacts of technology depend on the underlying definition that is used. The current lack of cause-effect models impedes the assessment of an overall picture that considers the relations among the social aspects and other elements of sustainability. A holistic view must be applied if ecological problems are to be solved.

Estimation of Mercury Losses and Gold Production by Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM)

“…It has been very difficult to obtain accurate information about mercury sales, as most developing countries have adhered to the Minamata Convention and they prefer to officially report to UN COMTRADE that no more mercury is officially entering the countries. From now on, most data on mercury losses and gold production must rely on field research projects, local informers, and investigating reporters, since official numbers from governments are not reflecting the reality [94,95].…”

Insights on mercury and energy consumption from in-situ measurements of artisanal gold mining in Brazilian Amazon rainforest

“…A possible explanation why secondary mining with excavators has less fuel consumption than the old method without excavators is that digging a pit with an excavator is more e cient than water jetting a pit. Mechanization also makes work for the garimpeiros easier 14 , and provides the opportunity to remove the fertile topsoil and back ll it later 34 which, however, based on our experience is rarely done. On the other hand, the gold production as a whole is faster with the use of heavy machinery.…”

“…Social conditions in ASGM mines, deforestation rates as well as the health effects from mercury in rivers and soils have been studied many times [9][10][11][12] . Much research on mercury in soils, plants, waters, sh and humans has also been done in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest since the end of the 1980s 5, [13][14][15][16][17][18] . There are several review articles summarizing some ndings from more than 50 different studies on mercury in sh, rivers, sediments and plants 19,20 .…”

Der erstaunliche Klimafußabdruck von Recycling‐Gold

“…Dies zeigt einen klassischen Zielkonflikt in der Nachhaltigkeit: Die ökologischen Probleme lassen sich nur gemeinsam mit den sozialen lösen. 8) BB…”