“…Most of the research exploring this kind of network focused on closed networks, i.e., the routes of the vehicles start and end at the same node (e.g. Lee, Jung and Lee (2006), Wen et al (2009), Dondo, Méndez and Cerdá (2011), Vahdani et al (2012), Moghadam, Ghomi and Karimi (2014), Chen et al (2016), Maknoon and Laporte (2017), Enderer, Contardo and Contreras (2017), Ahkamiraad and Wang (2018)). The open network scheduling problem with cross-docking remains, to the best of our knowledge, a rather unexplored case.…”