This study was conducted to investigate the effects of capacitating agents added at in vitro fertilization (IVF) and antioxidants supplemented during in vitro culture (IVC) on the development of buffalo embryos. In experiment I, in vitro embryo development of buffalo embryos was compared when the IVF medium was supplemented with heparin, caffeine and calcium ionophore A23187 either alone or in combination. There was no significant difference (P . 0.05) in the cleavage rates of oocytes among the treatment groups but the development rate to the blastocyst stage and the cell numbers of blastocyst in the heparin-treated group were significantly higher (P , 0.05) than that of other treatments. In experiment II, in vitro embryo development of buffalo embryos was compared when IVC medium was supplemented with either a-tocopherol (250 and 500 mM) or L-ascorbic acid (250 and 500 mM). The rate of development to the blastocyst stage of embryos cultured in medium supplemented with 250 mM a-tocopherol (33%, 41/123) and 250 mM L-ascorbic acid (31%, 38/123) was significantly higher (P , 0.05) than that of those cultured in medium alone (19%, 20/108) but not significantly different (P , 0.05) from medium supplemented with either 500 mM a-tocopherol (24%, 30/123) or 500 mM L-ascorbic acid (25%, 33/133). These results suggest that buffalo spermatozoa treated with heparin were suitable for IVF and that a-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid added during IVC increased the rate of buffalo embryo development.Keywords: buffalo, embryo, development, a-tocopherol, L-ascorbic acid
IntroductionSince the birth of the first buffalo calf from an in vitro fertilized (IVF) oocyte (Madan et al., 1991), a number of articles on in vitro embryo production (IVP) have been published. However, success, in terms of production of transferable stage embryos and birth of calves following embryo transfer, has been limited (Gasparrini, 2002;Nandi et al., 2002). Moreover, the efficiency of IVP in buffalo is much lower than that in cattle (Nandi et al., 2002;Gasparrini, 2002). IVP in cattle can be considered to be a mature technology and available for commercialization (van Wagtendonk-de Leeuw, 2006); on the other hand, IVP systems in buffalo are suboptimal and require substantial improvements (Nandi et al., 2002;Gasparrini, 2002). Several factors might affect the IVP in this species, such as inadequate oocyte maturation, an inappropriate timing of insemination and a non-optimal time of gamete co-incubation. Moreover, the important factors that might affect embryo development are the chemical agents used for capacitation of spermatozoa during IVF and the oxidative damage of embryos during in vitro culture (IVC). Several agents have been used to induce capacitation of buffalo spermatozoa. Heparin is structurally similar to glycosaminoglycans, which were shown to induce capacitation and acrosome reaction (AR) in bovine spermatozoa (Parrish et al., 1988) and several mammalian species including buffalo (Chauhan et al., 1997;Kitiyanant et al., 2002). Caffeine stimulate...