Capacitive Deionization of Divalent Cations for Water Softening Using Functionalized Carbon Electrodes

Leong, Zhi Yi; Yang, Hui Ying

doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b02330

Cited by 43 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The material with R/C ratio of 1000 exhibited highest electrosorption of 25-30 mg/g, ascribed to largest amount of micropores in the sample. Leong et al (2020) grafted charged functional groups on activated carbon electrode, making oxidized cathode and aminated anode (Leong & Yang, 2020). The electrosorption experiments in both single-and multisalt solutions were performed to demonstrate the effects of competition between cations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in materials and architectures for capacitive deionization: A comprehensive review

Datar

Mane

Jha

2022

Water Environment Research

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Capacitive deionization is an emerging and rapidly developing electrochemical technique for water desalination across the globe with exponential growth in publications. There are various architectures and materials being explored to obtain utmost electrosorption performance. The symmetric architectures consist of the same material on both electrodes, while asymmetric architectures have electrodes loaded with different materials. Asymmetric architectures possess higher electrosorption performance as compared with that of symmetric architectures owing to the inclusion of either faradaic materials, redox‐active electrolytes, or ion specific pre‐intercalation material. With the materials perspective, faradaic materials have higher electrosorption performance than carbon‐based materials owing to the occurrence of faradaic reactions for electrosorption. Moreover, the architecture and material may be tailored in order to obtain desired selectivity of the target component and heavy metal present in feed water. In this review, we describe recent developments in architectures and materials for capacitive deionization and summarize the characteristics and salt removal performances. Further, we discuss recently reported architectures and materials for the removal of heavy metals and radioactive materials. The factors that affect the electrosorption performance including the synthesis procedure for electrode materials, incorporation of additives, operational modes, and organic foulants are further illustrated. This review concludes with several perspectives to provide directions for further development in the subject of capacitive deionization. Practitioner Points Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a rapidly developing electrochemical water desalination technique with exponential growth in publications. Faradaic materials have higher salt removal capacity (SAC) because of reversible redox reactions or ion‐intercalation processes. Combination of CDI with other techniques exhibits improved selectivity and removal of heavy metals. Operational parameters and materials properties affect SAC. In future, comprehensive experimentation is needed to have better understanding of the performance of CDI architectures and materials.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent progress in materials and architectures for capacitive deionization: A comprehensive review

Datar

Mane

Jha

2022

Water Environment Research

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“…16,17 According to the electrosorption process, the structure and properties of electrode materials determine the capacitive deionization ability. 13,18 The ideal capacitive deionization electrode should possess high specific surface area, good electric conductivity, high specific capacitance, and reasonable pore size distribution. In addition, chemical stability and cost issues are considerable as well.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Removal of Chromium(VI) Using a Novel Waste Biomass Chestnut Shell-Based Carbon Electrode by Electrosorption

Zhang

Ren

et al. 2021

ACS Omega

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Biomass-derived porous carbon materials have a good application prospect in electrosorption because of their low cost, abundant natural resources, and excellent performance. In this work, three-dimensional interconnected structure porous carbon (CPC) was successfully synthesized from waste biomass chestnut shells by carbonization and chemical activation processes. The unique structure of CPC could offer superior double-layer capacitance and excellent conductivity. The as-obtained CPC was applied as an electrosorption electrode. In the deionization experiments, the removal efficiency of the CPC electrode in a 30 mg L–1 chromium(VI) aqueous solution at 1.0 V was 90.5%. The electrosorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. The CPC electrode also presented good regeneration performance in the regeneration test. These results demonstrate that the as-prepared carbonaceous material is an ideal material for capacitive deionization electrodes.

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“…Capacitive deionization (CDI) removes charged particles in solution by attracting them toward the oppositely charged porous electrodes and temporarily holding them in the electric double layer (EDL) formed near the electrodes’ surface [ 8 , 9 ]. CDI is applicable to water softening due to the preferential electrosorption of divalent hardness ions over monovalent ions [ 10 , 11 ] and the technology has been investigated for softening brackish waters [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Analysis of Constant Voltage Mode Membrane Capacitive Deionization for Water Softening

Zhang

Reible

2021

Membranes

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Water softening is desirable to reduce scaling in water infrastructure and to meet industrial water quality needs and consumer preferences. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) can preferentially adsorb divalent ions including calcium and magnesium and thus may be an attractive water softening technology. In this work, a process model incorporating ion exclusion effects was applied to investigate water softening performance including ion selectivity, ion removal efficiency and energy consumption in a constant voltage (CV) mode MCDI. Trade-offs between the simulated Ca2+ selectivity and Ca2+ removal efficiency under varying applied voltage and varying initial concentration ratio of Na+ to Ca2+ were observed. A cut-off CV mode, which was operated to maximize Ca2+ removal efficiency per cycle, was found to lead to a specific energy consumption (SEC) of 0.061 kWh/mole removed Ca2+ for partially softening industrial water and 0.077 kWh/m3 removed Ca2+ for slightly softening tap water at a water recovery of 0.5. This is an order of magnitude less than reported values for other softening techniques. MCDI should be explored more fully as an energy efficient means of water softening.

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Capacitive Deionization of Divalent Cations for Water Softening Using Functionalized Carbon Electrodes

Cited by 43 publications

References 60 publications

Recent progress in materials and architectures for capacitive deionization: A comprehensive review

Recent progress in materials and architectures for capacitive deionization: A comprehensive review

Efficient Removal of Chromium(VI) Using a Novel Waste Biomass Chestnut Shell-Based Carbon Electrode by Electrosorption

Theoretical Analysis of Constant Voltage Mode Membrane Capacitive Deionization for Water Softening

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