Capacitive Soft Strain Sensors via Multicore–Shell Fiber Printing

Frutiger, Andreas; Muth, Joseph T.; Vogt, Daniel M.; Mengüç, Yiğit; Campo, Alexandre; Valentine, Alexander D.; Walsh, Conor J.; Lewis, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1002/adma.201500072

Cited by 406 publications

(332 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…[5][6][7][8] Although many stretchable conductors exist, including liquid metals, [9,10] nanowires, [11,12] nanoribbons [13] , pre-stretched elastomer fibers with conductive coatings, [14] and micro-cracked metals, [15,16] these materials have generally been unable to achieve high levels of optical transparency while maintaining high conductivities and stretchability; a feature that would enable their use in optogenetics [17] or allow optical imaging of the underlying substrate. Conventional strategies of incorporating metallic components with elastomers to attain stretchability also yield non-trivial failure modes such as liquid metal leakage [8] and hard-soft material interfacial failure [18] .…”

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confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Transparent and Conductive Heterogeneous Hydrogel–Elastomer Systems

et al. 2017

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A hydrogel–dielectric‐elastomer system, polyacrylamide and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), is adapted for extrusion printing for integrated device fabrication. A lithium‐chloride‐containing hydrogel printing ink is developed and printed onto treated PDMS with no visible signs of delamination and geometrically scaling resistance under moderate uniaxial tension and fatigue. A variety of designs are demonstrated, including a resistive strain gauge and an ionic cable.

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confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Transparent and Conductive Heterogeneous Hydrogel–Elastomer Systems

et al. 2017

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“…Enhancing the electric permittivity by organizing the filler particles in an elastomeric composite is a Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. expected to be beneficial for flexible electronics, 18 3D printed circuit boards 19,20 and sensors, 21,22 data storage, 23 optics, 24 and artificial muscles. 25 The simplest and most common particle organization using field-assisted control is a chainlike structure.…”

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Influence of particle arrangement on the permittivity of an elastomeric composite

et al. 2017

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Elastomers are used as dielectric layers contained between the parallel conductive plates of capacitors. The introduction of filler particles into an elastomer changes its permittivity ε. When particle organization in a composite is intentionally varied, this alters its capacitance. Using numerical simulations, we examine how conductive particle chains introduced into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) alter ε. The effects of filler volume fraction ψ, interparticle d and interchain spacing a, zigzag angle θ between adjacent particles and overall chain orientation, particle size r, and clearance h between particles and the conductive plates are characterized. When filler particles are organized into chainlike structures rather than being just randomly distributed in the elastomer matrix, ε increases by as much as 85%. When particles are organized into chainlike forms, ε increases with increasing ψ and a, but decreases with increasing d and θ. A composite containing smaller particles has a higher ε when ψ<9% while larger particles provide greater enhancement when ψ is larger than that value. To enhance ε, adjacent particles must be interconnected and the overall chain direction should be oriented perpendicular to the conductive plates. These results are useful for additive manufacturing on electrical applications of elastomeric composites.

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“…2–10 2 mPa·s [51]), extrusion-based 3D printing is capable of incorporating a wide range of materials with viscosities up to 10 6 mPa·s and with disparate properties [47,61]. This versatility has enabled the accommodation of different classes of materials encompassing a wide range of length-scales: including nanomaterials [61,62], fibers [63], cells [64,65], tissues [66], organs [55,67], ceramics [68,69], metals [70] and polymers such as elastomers [59,60,71], gels [72,73], and biomaterials [55,74]. …”

Section: D Printing For Multiscale Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, the co-printing of conductive traces with an elastomeric substrate [59,60] can result in the freeform fabrication of three dimensional structures containing electronic components. For instance, capacitive soft strain sensors can be realized via the printing of core-shell fibers with silicone and conductive fluids [71]. As shown in Figure 11D, the embedded 3D printing of conductive carbon grease within an elastomeric polymer enabled the seamless fabrication of complex arrays of strain sensors within a glove, that can be used to monitor the motion of a user’s hand.…”

Section: D Printed Conducting Ink Electronicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D printed bionic nanodevices

et al. 2016

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Summary The ability to three-dimensionally interweave biological and functional materials could enable the creation of bionic devices possessing unique and compelling geometries, properties, and functionalities. Indeed, interfacing high performance active devices with biology could impact a variety of fields, including regenerative bioelectronic medicines, smart prosthetics, medical robotics, and human-machine interfaces. Biology, from the molecular scale of DNA and proteins, to the macroscopic scale of tissues and organs, is three-dimensional, often soft and stretchable, and temperature sensitive. This renders most biological platforms incompatible with the fabrication and materials processing methods that have been developed and optimized for functional electronics, which are typically planar, rigid and brittle. A number of strategies have been developed to overcome these dichotomies. One particularly novel approach is the use of extrusion-based multi-material 3D printing, which is an additive manufacturing technology that offers a freeform fabrication strategy. This approach addresses the dichotomies presented above by (1) using 3D printing and imaging for customized, hierarchical, and interwoven device architectures; (2) employing nanotechnology as an enabling route for introducing high performance materials, with the potential for exhibiting properties not found in the bulk; and (3) 3D printing a range of soft and nanoscale materials to enable the integration of a diverse palette of high quality functional nanomaterials with biology. Further, 3D printing is a multi-scale platform, allowing for the incorporation of functional nanoscale inks, the printing of microscale features, and ultimately the creation of macroscale devices. This blending of 3D printing, novel nanomaterial properties, and ‘living’ platforms may enable next-generation bionic systems. In this review, we highlight this synergistic integration of the unique properties of nanomaterials with the versatility of extrusion-based 3D printing technologies to interweave nanomaterials and fabricate novel bionic devices.

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Capacitive Soft Strain Sensors via Multicore–Shell Fiber Printing

Cited by 406 publications

References 71 publications

3D Printing of Transparent and Conductive Heterogeneous Hydrogel–Elastomer Systems

3D Printing of Transparent and Conductive Heterogeneous Hydrogel–Elastomer Systems

Influence of particle arrangement on the permittivity of an elastomeric composite

3D printed bionic nanodevices

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