Capacity driven small cell deployment in heterogeneous cellular networks: Outage probability and rate coverage analysis

Abstract

Heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNets) are one of the key enabling technologies to improve performance gain of future cellular networks. Stochastic geometry is considered a promising tool to model and analyze HCNets. Users and base stations (BSs) are generally distributed uniformly using a homogeneous Poisson point process (HPPP). The assumption of uniformly distributed users is not suitable in HCNets because of the existence of clustered users in hotspots. To consider the correlation between the users and BSs, deployment of small base stations in these areas are of great concern to increase the performance of HCNets. In this article, we assume the notion of mixed user distribution, wherein the network users are the superposition of clustered and uniform users, modeled through HPPP and Poisson cluster process, respectively. We evaluate outage probability and rate coverage of the proposed HCNet model. We compare the network performance of the proposed mixed user distribution model with the conventional uniformly distributed user model.The analytical results are validated using Monte-Carlo simulations. Our results show that the proposed HCNet model of mixed user distribution outperforms the uniformly distributed user model in terms of outage probability and rate coverage.

Comparison of Average Total EMF Exposure for Microcell/Macrocell Topologies Using Novel Methodology Based on Operational Network Measurements

“…The conclusions are in line with previous research in this area concerning small cells [19] [20] [21] and the impact of mobile phone usage on person's exposure [22]. The layer with smaller cells (micro, pico, femto) is added to the macro layer to increase capacity or to improve coverage in smaller zones [23]. New services requiring high throughput, low latency and high availability lead to usage of smaller (and smaller) cells, and this architectural change may also yield lower EMF exposure.…”

“…Small exposure reduction over the macro area was expected considering the small fraction of users in the micro area (Table II). Micro layer is generally being added for coverage and/or capacity reasons [23]. High reduction in the micro area was due to the fact that users in the micro area had lower average transmitted power than they would have had without the micro base station turned on.…”

Uplink Performance Analysis of User- Centric Small Cell Aided Dense HCNets With Uplink-Downlink Decoupling

“…Such a model couples the UEs and BSs, as already used by the third generation partnership project (3GPP). The authors in [34], [35] proved that UE deployment according to PCP around uniformly distributed BSs closely resembles 3GPP model. Moreover, several unified models are developed and analyzed to minimize the gap between realistic UE and BS deployments and the conventional HPPP based HCNet.…”

Modeling and analyzing multi‐tier massive multiple‐input multiple‐output‐enabled heterogeneous networks with hybrid spectrum allocation for cluster‐center and cluster‐edge users

“…Considering the scarcity of radio resource and the ease of deployment, co‐channel sharing would be more efficient and preferable for operators due to increased spectral efficiency through spectral frequency reuse. With this co‐channel sharing, the spectrum efficiency and network capacity can be enhanced 19‐24 . Therefore, this work considers the modified SSA and co‐channel spectrum sharing scheme for 5G/B5G HetNets.…”

“…Therefore, the SBSs are expected to be deployed in crowded areas or hotspots to patch coverage dead‐cones. This actually couples the locations of SBSs and UEs so that there is a certain correlation between UEs and SBSs 23,24 . In such architectures, one can envision the small cells being deployed to serve cluster UEs.…”