Capacity of existing wastewater treatment plants to treat SARS-CoV-2. A review

Saba, Beenish; Hasan, Shadi W.; Kjellerup, Birthe V.; Christy, Ann D.

doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100737

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 117 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is used to identify viruses based on their RNA. Since the SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA-based virus, and considering that SARS-CoV-2 can survive in wastewater for several days under favorable conditions, the surveillance technique of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) based on quantitative data linked to the virus concentration method, followed by the RT-qPCR assay, is necessary to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater (Saba et al 2021 ; Sangkham 2021 ). The two most widely used methods in the field of viral concentration-based diagnosis are the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and PAC (Polyaluminium Chloride) flocculation (Barril et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…UV disinfection is typically performed at a wavelength of 253.7 nm (Singh et al 2021 ). Previous research has discovered that using 1048 mJ/cm 2 UVC radiation to completely inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus or 0·2 J/cm 2 UVC radiation to reduce SARS-CoV infection (Kong et al 2021 ; Saba et al 2021 ). Combining UV and UVC disinfection processes with other disinfection techniques is more effective than using only UV to inactivate viruses, resulting in lower UV dose usage (Teymoorian et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another study discovered that using a UVC dose of 0·2 J/cm 2 reduced SARS-CoV infection. Other factors that affect virus inactivation include the type of wastewater treatment system, temperature, season, suspended solids, organic matter, and sunlight exposure (Saba et al 2021 ). The benefits and drawbacks of each disinfectant method listed in Table 2 are discussed in the following sections.…”

Section: Disinfection Methods Against the Virus In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA-based virus, most studies have chosen to identify it using this method. The nucleocapsid staining method has also been used in some studies (Saba et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Occurrence Of Virus In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study to assess microbial risk for wastewater workers, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage may be a cause for additional concern in areas where combined sewage systems are used because, during rainy periods, urban flooding is a threat and may cause sewage overflow, posing a high risk of spreading SARS-CoV-2 (Saba et al 2021 ). On the other hand, wastewater disposal in nature without proper treatment is a potential SARS-CoV-2 transmission route to humans as well as aquatic mammals.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Virus In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on the Potential of Common Disinfection Processes for the Removal of Virus from Wastewater

Milani

Bidhendi

2022

Int J Environ Res

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Due to the prevalence of the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as findings of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and the possibility of viral transmission through wastewater, disinfection is required. As a consequence, based on prior investigations, this work initially employed the viral concentration detection technique, followed by the RT-qPCR assay, as the foundation for identifying the SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater. After that, the ability and efficacy of chlorine, ozone, and UV disinfection to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus from wastewater were examined. Chlorine disinfection is the most extensively used disinfection technology due to its multiple advantages. With a chlorine dioxide disinfectant dose of 40 mg/L, the SARS-CoV virus is inactivated after 30 min of contact time. On the other hand, ozone is a powerful oxidizer and an effective microbicide that is employed as a disinfectant due to its positive characteristics. After 30 min of exposure to 1000 ppmv ozone, corona pseudoviruses are reduced by 99%. Another common method of disinfection is using ultraviolet radiation, which is usually 253.7 nm suitable for ultraviolet disinfection. At a dose of 1048 mJ/cm 2 , UVC radiation completely inactivates the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Finally, to evaluate disinfection performance and optimize disinfection strategies to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2, this study attempted to investigate the ability to remove and compare the effectiveness of each disinfectant to inactive the SARS-CoV-2 virus from wastewater, summarize studies, and provide future solutions due to the limited availability of integrated resources in this field and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus worldwide.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disinfection Methods Against the Virus In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occurrence Of Virus In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Occurrence Of Virus In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A Review on the Potential of Common Disinfection Processes for the Removal of Virus from Wastewater

Milani

Bidhendi

2022

Int J Environ Res

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Wastewater treatment risks and challenges for public health and the environment during the Covid‐19 pandemic: a review

Kokkinos

Venieri

Mantzavinos

2023

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), viral transport, fate, disinfection and environmental release in wastewater treatment plants have been issues of high importance for overall management. Although a huge number of scientific publications related to coronaviruses have been published, the number of studies on different aspects of wastewater treatment strategies to deal with SARS‐CoV‐2 abatement is still relatively limited and results are often confusing. To define real wastewater risks for public health and the environment, we have performed a systematic review and identified 96 papers from the PubMed database. We focused on SARS‐CoV‐2 wastewater treatments and how the type and level of treatments affect the virological quality of the effluents, the role of disinfectants, the treatment of medical wastewater, the role of new technologies, as well as the wastewater treatment in low‐ and middle‐income countries. It was concluded that, in general, well‐designed and well‐functioning wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and on‐site reliable sanitation systems may significantly limit the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2. The development of cost‐effective decentralized water and wastewater treatment facilities for low‐ and middle‐income countries for the abatement of coronaviruses should be enhanced. Lessons learned during the COVID‐19 pandemic with regard to wastewater treatment are expected to support an improved detection, response and containment of future viral disease outbreaks. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

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