Breast cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy among every major ethnic group of women in the United States. Anthracyclines and taxanes are the most active and widely used chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer, but the increased use of these agents at an early stage of disease often renders tumors resistant to these drugs by the time the disease recurs, thereby reducing the number of treatment options for metastatic disease. Moreover, even when these agents can be used in the metastatic setting, treatment failure occurs in most cases, and as a result the 5-year survival rates of patients with metastatic breast cancer are low. This outcome underscores the need for new, effective treatments of metastatic breast cancer and has led to investigation of novel ways to overcome the problem of drug resistance. This article reviews the current treatment options for breast cancer resistant to anthracycline and taxane and provides recommendations for disease management. Published sources for this review were found by searching PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and congress Web sites.Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(6):533-545 B reast cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy among every major ethnic group of women in the United States, annually causing nearly 40,000 deaths in the United States and more than 400,000 deaths worldwide.1,2 Anthracyclines and taxanes are the most active and widely used chemotherapeutic agents for treating breast cancer in hormone receptor-negative patients and those whose disease progresses while they are taking hormone therapy.3 These agents are commonly used in the adjuvant setting, either in combination or sequentially.4 A metaanalysis of 13 clinical trials involving nearly 23,000 women with high-risk, early-stage breast cancer showed that incorporating taxanes into anthracycline-based regimens significantly improves disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) rates. 5,6 This benefit is evident regardless of hormone receptor status, degree of nodal involvement, age, menopausal status, and type of taxane or administration schedule. Anthracyclines and taxanes, either alone or in combination, are also the preferred option for hormone receptor-negative patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). 7 Response rates of 25% to 69% have been reported when taxanes (paclitaxel or docetaxel) are used as ABC = ATP-binding cassette; BCRP = breast cancer resistance protein; CI = confidence interval; EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor; FDA = Food and Drug Administration; HER2 = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; IRR = independent radiology review; MBC = metastatic breast cancer; MDR = multidrug resistance protein; NCCN = National Comprehensive Cancer Network; ORR = overall response rate; OS = overall survival; PARP-1 = poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1; PFS = progression-free survival; TN = triple negative; TTP = time to progression; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor